Chapter Summary of Guns Germs and Steel

1. How humans came into existence was talked about along with the major advances in the world’s development. It is proven that humans did evolve from monkeys in Africa. There is some arguments around if there were pre-Clovis people or not, but James Diamond says evidence would’ve been found by now. 2. The Maori and Moriori are the descendants of the Polynesians. Because they had a larger and denser population, the Maori people were more technologically advanced with more complex societies and technology. Smaller populations only make things when there is an actual need.3. There was a big population shift in North America when the Europeans colonized America and almost eliminated the Native American population. The Spanish conquistadors were Christians, who used God as their reasoning behind actions. So, when the Incan emperor and heir died of small pox, the Spanish used their communication skills to easily defeat the Incas. 4. The production of food is very important to a successful society, because food means more people. Domesticating animals also comes with its benefits such as: milk, meat, tools, labor, and transportation.For example horses were used in warfare. 5. There was a discussion revolving around why well off areas didn’t do food production. The earliest places that did adopt food productions were: Iraq, Mexico, and the Andes. 6. Ancient farming often had many diseases associated with it along with malnourishment and younger deaths. Usually people would do a combination of hunter gathering and farming. Mainly the only people who would not survive are the ones who could not farm because of geographical reasons. 7. Wild plants became crops through genetic modifications.For the purpose of reproduction, tasty plants had bitter seeds, so animals wouldn’t eat the seeds. 8. This chapter discussed why the Fertile Crescent thrived as well as it did. Three possible answers could be: the climate, self-pollination, and the ancestor c rops. The beginning of the chapter also talks a lot about why some locations used agriculture and some did not. There were many theories to this question. 9. The definition of a domesticated animal is: an animal selectively bred in captivity and thereby modified from its wild ancestors, for use by humans who control the animal’s breeding and food supply.Elephants and zebras are both capable of being domesticated, but no one has been successful at it yet. The most successfully domesticated animals have all come from Eurasia. 10. The axis and Earth’s rotation have an affect on the continent. Trade tends to move farther east and west, because they share the same day length, diseases, seasons, and climate. 11. Germs and infections had a huge affect on crops and animals. People develop immunity to certain diseases. Sometimes though infections can spread very slowly, which makes it act more effectively because no one discovers it.12. The ability to write and its importance w as discussed in this chapter. A societies comprehension is shown through its writing. A writing system has three basic parts: a sound, syllable, and word. The basic structures for many writing systems were based off The Sumerians and the Mesoamerican people. 13. Diamond says that there are a few parts for an invention to be used and wanted. It has to have an economic advantage and match the interest of society. It also must have social significance. 14. This chapter talks about the organization of a society.There are many levels of organization. The levels are: a band, tribe, chiefdom, state, and kleptocrat. The chapter discusses what each one was and talks about the roles of each one along with its strengths and weaknesses. 15. Even though Australia had some of the best technology, it didn’t ever attack Europe. Australia was known to isolate itself along with New Guinea. New Guinea was geographically isolated and progressed slowly for a few reasons. For example: their crops didn’t have significant protein and there were no diseases to keep intruders out. 16.China stayed very isolated and unified politically. Language was also discussed. Language changes and evolves into different languages, because when people invade the area they bring their own words and phrases that then become part of the local language. 17. A language that did not change was Polynesia’s. This has an unknown reason why. The Austronesians did have the largest population expansion in the last 6000 years. They attacked New Guinea and killed the majority of the New Guineans. 18. Eurasia did not successfully take over all the Native Americans.The Eurasians were use to working with domesticated animals, but there were not many domesticated animals there. Even though they couldn’t really use the animals, with the use of guns, germs, and steel the Eurasians had a huge advantage over the Native Americans. 19. Africa is predominately black for the reason that the black p eople owned the largest area. The black farmers attacked the Pygmy homeland and took their language. They also did this to the Khoisans. Africa didn’t domesticate animals until much later.

Mamie Clark

Running head: MAMIE CLARK 1 Famous Person in Psychology: Mamie Phipps Clark MAMIE CLARK 2 Famous Person in Psychology: Mamie Phipps Clark Mamie Phipps Clark was born in Hot Spring, Arkansas on April 18, 1917 to Dr. Harold and Katie Phipps.Due to her father having a practice in town the family had achieved middle class status and was allowed into many establishments that were normally whites only, which during that time in Arkansas was rarely heard of. Even though few higher educational opportunities were open to black students, after graduating from Langston High School in 1934, Mamie was offered several scholarships and chose to accept one from Howard University. (Cherry,2013) Mamie chose to study at Howard University because it was located in the nation's capital and because of the many accomplished black members of its faculty whom she viewed as role models.She began her studies at Howard as a math major, minoring in physics. There she met her future husband, Kenneth B. Clark, w ho was studying for his master’s in psychology. After not getting much encouragement from her professor’s in mathematics, Kenneth encouraged Mamie to change her major to psychology for employment possibilities and the chance to explore her interest in children. (Cherry, 2013) When completing her master’s degree in 1939, she worked and studied children in an all-black preschool.During that time she met with pyschologists, Ruth and Gene Harley who were studying self-identification in young children and encouraged Mamie to do the same with the children in the preschool. This resulted in her completed thesis â€Å"The Development of Consciousness of Self in Negro Pre-School Children†. (Cherry,2013) MAMIE CLARK 3 Mamie transferred to Columbia University to finish her doctorate degree, where she graduated in 1943 as the second African American to earn a degree (first eing her husband, Kenneth Clark). Then Drs. Mamie and Kenneth Clark used their research with c hildren to show that black children became aware of their racial identity by the age of 3 and by segregating them from white children the children saw their race as negative. This led the Clark’s to present their findings during desegregation trials for the NAACP's case in Brown v. Board of Education, which overturned racial segregation in public schools in 1954. (Mamie Clark, 2013)After several years working in public and private social services being unsatisfied with what she saw, Mamie founded the Northside Center for Child Development, the first center to provide therapy for children in Harlem. At a time when public schools were illegally enrolling many black children into programs for the mentally handicapped, the center conducted its own intelligence tests, fought the schools, and empowered the local population. Realizing that therapy alone could not address the affects of racism on the community, Northside also assisted families with their housing and financial difficu lties.Mamie Clark worked for Northside until retirement in 1980 and died three years later of cancer. (Mamie Clark, 2013) Using the Sociocultural aspect of psychology, it is easily seen that Mamie Clark was influenced by social and cultural she experienced in her life. Growing up in Arkansas during the times where racism were very apparent and segregation was dominant, she was fortunate enough to have been born into a middle class family. Mamie was able to see both sides of the segregation by being allowed into white establishments.This had a significant impact on her way of thinking, she wanted to both races to be seen equally and this eventually led to her involvement in the desegregation of public schools. MAMIE CLARK 4 References Mamie Clark, a Supporter of the Black Child. (2013). Retrieved on January 18, 2013 from http://www. aaregistry. org/historic_events/view/mamie-clark-supporter-black-child Cherry, Kendra. Mamie Phipps Clark Biography. (2013). Retrieved on January 18, 20 13 from

Personal Development Plan Masters in Business Administration Studies Essay

Personal Development Plan Masters in Business Administration Studies - Essay Example I am a social entrepreneur. I own and run a Saudi Corporate Social Responsibility firm which has branches in Riyadh and London. My business focuses on Corporate Social Responsibility in the corporate sector. We achieve our objectives in conjunction with public sector organizations and global humanitarian organizations like the United Nations. We also gain support from the Saudi government and have a vision of maintaining sustainable development in Saudi Arabia in relation to social and environmental matters. I play a top-level management role in the organization, Mobarat CSR. Our core vision is to promote a sustainable society by ensuring that corporate bodies in Saudi Arabia give back to the society as and when they earn. I hold a Bachelors Degree in Sociology. I have ten years of post-graduation work experience. I commenced with Social Work and then proceeded to work for a company involved in Cultural and Rural Development. I also have experience in Tourism and other social related jobs. This set the stage for my career as a social entrepreneur. To attain the ability and understanding to appreciate the components of business [finance, marketing, human resources amongst others] and gain in-depth knowledge of how they interact with the larger society and the natural environment. In attaining my personal goals in this course I hope to learn more about Corporate Strategy. Johnson, Scholes & Whittington (2005) identify three main components of the corporate strategy. They state that: Therefore my primary orientation is to get an intimate knowledge corporate strategy, its core components and the dynamics of how different corporate strategies work together in a given nation or economy. Therefore, there are some important elements of the MBA that I will emphasize my strengths on.

Deductive arguments, and nondeductive arguments and deductive argument Essay

Deductive arguments, and nondeductive arguments and deductive argument persuading us to a conclusion, and a theory explaining wh - Essay Example Both males and females have been steeped in new consumer standards, shifted via cradle to grave marketing, and they have the propensity for commodifying themselves and other to a greater degree than preceding generations. Consumer standards such as the American obsession with celebrity beauty translate into acceptable objectification for both women and men. Arguably, this new American consumer culture has cultivated an astonishing trend that is motivating this movement of established objectification. Harris’ misguided supposition that reproducing beauty children gives them an advantage in society is plain objectification of beauty. In the American culture, women are progressively depicted as pure objects and the indirect issue, the patron, is characteristically male. And objectification of beauty in the American popular culture has become a part of everyday lingo (Berger 34). Harris’ projection that reproducing beautiful children will give them an advantage in the socie t

Organisational change 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Organisational change 2 - Essay Example one were to google-search the phrase â€Å"what is change?† close to 20 million book entries would align themselves in his computer screen as if one could have the luxury to get to the 20-millionth entry. But indeed, as Stickland (1998) observes as early as in his writing time, change would be a subject that could swiftly expand in treatment and in scope due to the speed with which it would show itself in human activity. In the two decades preceding Stickland’s book publication, the word â€Å"change† has more than doubled its appearance in literature titles (Stickland, 1998). Most book publishers and authors, it is observed, get deep into serious treatment of the subject of change, its nature, its effects and anything it can do, yet miss out on its definition. In fact, Ly (2009) notes that change is a â€Å"phenomenon for which there is no agreed-upon definition.† It is just like saying it is just there; it just happens. It assumes the characteristic of time, that the more people attempt to define it, the more it confuses, making description the easiest way towards understanding. But of course, a few authors made some sincere attempt to define it, if only to have some sense of it. Ly (2009) was resourceful enough to feature some of them. Hanelock defines change as any significant difference in the status quo. Linquist refers to it as a modification of, deletion of, or addition to attitudes and behavior. Morgan defines change as a process or condition of being different between time 1 and time 2. Of course, the most common reference for definitions, Webster, calls change as an act of becoming different. (Ly, 2009). And if man sees change as part of himself and his evolution, never has change been more obvious, pronounced and ubiquitous in organizations than now because of the constantly varying character of the environments they are in. Zimmerman (2011) notes very profoundly that in view of these highly charged surroundings, organizations need to change

Reaction paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 24

Reaction paper - Essay Example There were other neighboring plantations in the area like New Design and also Wye Town. The home plantation was the administrative base of all the twenty farms in the area. The slaves who proved unmanageable were also punished at the home plantation. The punishment forms include; whipping, sloop boarding, and being sold. These punishments were aimed at minimizing or eliminating resistance from other slaves. At the home plantation, all the slaves received their monthly food allowance for sustenance (Douglas 16). Mr. Litch was another player who, despite being uneducated was very wealthy. His plantation had approximately 600 slaves. He employed competent overseers to manage his plantation, and he adequately remunerated them. There was a jail and also a whipping post within his plantation. These punishment approaches, were aimed at the slaves who did not adhere to set down rules. Mr. Litch even engaged in murder, without being questioned due to his vast amounts of wealth. The reaction illustrates very inhumane punishment that the slaves received in the plantation of Mr. Litch. He required strict compliance to eight commandments, within his plantation. However, if a neighbor accused a slave against theft, the master engaged in browbeating and also assurances that he provides adequately for his slaves and hence they do not have reasons of stealing. The accuser was, however, whipped as a form of punishment, after the neighbor has left. The slaves who engaged in stealing pieces of meat or corn we re punished through being chained, imprisoned and finally subjected to hunger (Jacobs 57). The north and the south regions of America are different due to the direct issue of slavery. Thus the reaction paper illustrates the 1857 south crisis. The south policy is relatively ineffective, in the moral, social and political areas. The north, through its effective approaches and policy, are effective in almost all issues and opinions. It is

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 5

Project Management - Essay Example d like a good idea at the time.† In fact, says Mike Peterson, Executive Manager of PriceWaterHouse, many organisations have difficulty turning their business ideas into reality. So, project management is the art of directing and coordinating human and material resources throughout the life of a project by using modern management techniques to achieve predetermined objectives of scope, cost, time, quality, and participation satisfaction. This topic â€Å"Project management† considers practices in project management within local Government, and Conceptual Model of Organisation, Organisation’s measures are provided with project management. Project management helps to develop various applications for local Government, Banking system, helps to provide IT services including operating a large wide area network, generating government statistic, helps to plan and draft various Government initiatives and policy. This project provides conceptual Model of Organisation with the descriptions of two models Price Water House. These days, the traditional measures of a project’s success extend well beyond â€Å"On time, on budget, and to specifications† to include such criteria as â€Å"Delivery of anticipated benefits, engagement of stakeholders, and organizational adoption.† Easy to say, of course, but it is hard to do in practice. In project management, the metrics of on time, on budget, fit for purpose, and they are dependent variables. For example: a decision to cut cost (budget) will shorten the work (time) allowed to complete the project and (potentially) reduce the quality of the work. It may seem obvious, but any project undertaken by a company should be driven by business objectives; projects that do not clearly advance the aims of the company should simply not be undertaken. Many organisations review their business aims on a regular basis and adjust them for a variety of reasons. The review and approval of projects should be fully integrated into this process. The

Occupational Therapy for Dementia Patients Assignment

Occupational Therapy for Dementia Patients - Assignment Example A patient may display abrupt mood swings, become aggressive and angry due to chemical changes in the brain. The patient may develop fear and frustration as he feels that he is gradually losing knowledge and understanding of his surroundings (Scout News, 2006). A person with AD may live anywhere from three to twenty years after diagnosis. On the final phase of AD, a patient becomes increasingly immobile and dysfunctional, totally incontinent that he cannot control his urine or bowel movement; may become bedridden that bed sores and suffers from muscle pain; may lose the ability to swallow and may not be able to eat or drink properly. At the stage of end of life care, the patient may require feeding tubes, respirator, antibiotics and hospitalization. Occupational therapy is recommended by physicians to help the patient improve the ability to perform daily activities and reduce the pressure on their caregivers (Griffith, 2007). Occupational therapy can improve the daily performance, communication, sense of competence and quality of life of an AD patient. The therapist applies a combination of education, setting feasible goals, using adaptations in physical environment, training compensatory skills, training supervision skills, and changing dysfunctional cognitions on patient behavior. The occupational therapist can help the patient's caregiver to understand the impact of AD ona person's day-to-day function (Scout News, 2006). ... the occupational therapist based on Canada's Occupational Therapy Resource Site (2009): 1) minimize distractions in the environment by reducing excess noise at mealtime and decrease confusion by eating regularly, maintaining same table setting, use plain dishes and minimal cutlery; 2) provide opportunities for independence and personal control by dressing, lay out the clothes in the order that they will be put on by the patient and allow the patient with AD to do as much as he can for himself together with verbal cues and encouragement. When eating, use tableware with enlarged handles, plates with rims, and non-slip placemat to help the patient maintain coordination and be independent; 3) ensure consistency in routines by preparing a schedule of regular daily activities for personal care, medication, meals, leisure, walking, and retiring to bed; 4) maintain a safe and secure environment for the patient by providing grab-bars, non-slip bathmat, bathbench and hand-held shower with ther mostatic shower control in the bathroom; 5) manage stress by developing coping skills, providing support, and counseling; 6) learning about the disease, its effects, and future care. II. Diagnostic procedures and Prognosis of OT Intervention Physicians usually do not tell the patient that he has AD. Only in the case than the patient expresses the need to know the truth that the doctor discloses his condition. The doctor will prescribe drugs to slowdown progression of AD. Drug trials are performed in early stages of AD. Most of the doctors dealing with AD will recommend Occupational Therapy to help the patient improve his capability to perform daily activities and speech therapy to maintain verbal skills of patients with mild symptoms of AD. Another type of therapy developed is

Leadership assessmnet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Leadership assessmnet - Essay Example However, in many occasions, the management has failed to achieve these needs, resulting to poor leadership. Through these poor leadership and relations to workers, organizations have not been able to work well towards their set objectives as workers are reluctant to respond as required by the management. Therefore, there is need for this problem to be eradicated for the realization of better performance and development of the organization. Various leaders have different styles of leadership that would help them to achieve their mandates as per the objectives of the organization. These styles of leadership are always based on the strategies developed by these leaders. Based on the approach these leaders may take for the effectiveness of their leadership style, it may have either positive or negative impact to the workers (Hoffman & Shipper, 2012). For instance, although our Chief Executive Officers always have good leadership styles as compared to bad leadership in his management, there are some of the negative impacts of these kinds of leadership styles that affect us negatively. One of the styles that affect us workers negatively is poor response to workers grievances. Within our working premises, workers are required to write an official letter to the Chief Executive Officer on issues that affect workers. This move is important for workers because we have the chance of delivering these letters to his office directly without following any channel but the manager hardly response to these grievances by claiming to have been in some official duties. In the process, we are unable to solve these grievances, hence, affects us negatively. In order for the organizational activities to run as planned, leaders need to ensure that they create good relations between themselves and the workers. Moreover, they must also ensure there are good relations among the workers themselves to enhance better coordination of the organizational

Cuban Rumba Essay Example for Free

Cuban Rumba Essay Cuban music is a combination of genres and styles, which encompasses quite a long history. Cuban music has been molded by the music and voices of Latin America, Europe, and even Jazz. Of course, Spain and Africa did also have an evident influence on the music as well. There are many different types of Cuban music; all of which is meant for the soul to enjoy. Rumba is a actually a secular folkloric form of music, which consists of drumming, dancing and singing of both African and Spanish languages that has been performed for ages. The rumba term or influence is actually derived from the 16th century when black slaves were imported from Africa, and the word Rumba can cover a variety of terms such as Son, Guagira, Guaracha, and Naningo. However, the exact meaning of the word varies from location to location. Still, it is strongly evident that the Cuban Rumba dance hails originally from Africa where the native Rumba folk dance was essentially a sexual dance that was vigorously fast with strong and forceful hip movements as well as sensually aggressive attitudes on the part of a man and a defensive attitude on the part of a woman. The music, itself was played with a staccato beat, keeping up with the thrusting and vigorous movements of the passionate dancers. Instruments that were also included were the marimbola, the claves, and the drums. The Son was the popular dance of middle class Cuba. It is, in fact, a modified slower and even more refined version of the native Rumba. The instruments are basically still the same as are the movements. However, they are toned down a bit. And, even slower than this dance is the Danzon. The Danzon is the dance of wealthy Cuban society. In this dance, very small steps are taken, while the women producea very subtle tilting of the hips by alternately bending and straightening the knees. The dance known in the United States today as the Rumba is a composite of several dances popular in Cuba, including the guaracha, the Cuban bolero, the Cuban son, and the rural rumba. All of the dances have very similar rhythms that can be traced back to religious and ceremonial dances of Africa. The same pulsating dance rhythms may still be found in parts of Africa, but the dances have been altered by contact with other cultures and races. For example, The rural rumba is a pantomimic dance originating in the rural areas. It depicts the movements of various barnyard animals in an amusing manner, and is basically an exhibition, rather than a participation dance. Both the Cuban son and the Cuban bolero are moderate tempo dances in traditional ballroom form. The guaracha is distinguished by its fast, cheerful tempo. Ten after Americans modified the tempo of the Cuban rumba, later band leader Emil Coleman imported Rumba musicians and dancers to New York but no interest developed. Real interest in Latin music began about 1929 as a result of increased American tourism to Latin America. In 1935 George Raft appeared with Carole Lombard in a movie called Rumba in which he played a suave dancer who wins the lady through dancing. Rumbas unique styling and unusual musical rhythms immediately captured the fancy of ballroom dance enthusiasts, and it has retained its popularity to the present time. The Cuban style is characterized by forward and backward steps. The American version is done in a box pattern with Cuban motion as its chief characteristic. Cuban motion is a discreet, expressive hip motion achieved by bending and straightening the legs and carefully timed weight changes. American Rumba is one of the most popular ballroom dances today. The rumba itself refers to several Latin dance forms, which can all differ greatly. Almost all rumba dances are meant to infer the sexual relationship between partners. The moves can be subtle or quite obvious, which is all depending on the type of form danced The Cuban rumba is very different than what one would see in a ballroom dancing competition. The dance is highly energetic and was thought to have derived directly from the dancing of African slaves from around the West Indies and the Caribbean. Dance historians date performance of this form of rumba back as early as the late 16th century. Some of the moves are so suggestive and frank, that the dance was often considered unacceptable in the countries it was performed, and was actually prohibited. The Cuban rumba requires a high degree of athleticism, as it is very fast. The dance represents a seduction attempt on the part of the male, with the female standing resistant to the man’s charms. This form of rumba frequently includes acrobatic moves, like handstands, flips and cartwheels, usually performed by the male. In order to achieve sexual gratification, he must impress his female partner. The second part of the Cuban rumba usually brings the dancers close together, and the movements are easily indicative of sexual longing. There is much what one might deem â€Å"inappropriate† body contact when the couples connect, and many moves indicate various sexual positions with the male clearly dominant. The partners are often hip to hip in dance connections. This type of form is rarely seen except in exhibitions since it requires a great deal of space to perform it properly. The dancers are mostly apart, and utilize a significant amount of floor space while performing very different acrobatic moves far apart from each other. In conclusion, today the rumba is known to be one of the most popular ballroom dances because of its interesting movements and rhythms. The Cuban Rumba is one of the most important and popular folkloric styles still played frequently in Cuba at musical parties. This is one of the most difficult and syncopated of all Cuban musical styles in popular folklore, both in its music and dance. Guaguanco is a medium paced rumba style that is danced by a couple. BIBLIOGRAPHY http://www. centralhome. com/ballroomcountry/rumba. htm http://www. ibiblio. org/mao/cuba/music. html

South Africa fertilizer production

South Africa fertilizer production FOSKOR Foskor Richards Bay is one of the biggest producers of fertilizers in South Africa. It was founded in 1951 as a single phosphate mining operation in order to prevent us form depending on imports of phosphate rocks, which are one of the most essential raw materials needed in the production of fertilisers. It has now expanded to having three main mining and production sites in Richards Bay and Phalaborwa. The facilities in Richards Bay are more focused on producing phosphoric acid and phosphate-based fertilisers and also locally distribute some sulphuric acid. Foskor Phalaborwa is a region famous for the amount of copper and phosphates available there and therefore concentrate more on the mining and beneficiation of these substances. Foskor is nowadays one of the prime international traders of phosphoric acid with a 12% share in the market, importing to countries such as India, Japan and Brazil. It does not only produce phosphoric acid, but also magnetite, fused zirconia, sulphuric acid and fertiliser granules. YARA/KYNOCH FERTILISERS Kynoch fertiliser was founded in 1919 at Umbogintwini. It started out an explosives producer but soon began producing chemical fertilisers as a result of the by-product of explosives, sulphuric acid. In 1924 it combined with Capex to form AECI (African Explosives and Chemical Industries), and was more recently taken over by Yara Norsk Hydro. The aim of Yara is to grow and sustain the fertiliser industry by exploiting their leading position in the markets of ammonia, nitrates fertilisers. Yara aims to evolve from being a leading player into the shaper of the nitrogen-based chemical industry, quoted from the Yara website (http://www.yara.com/about/vision/index.aspx) OMNIA FERTILISERS Omnia is considered one of the most environmentally conscious fertiliser producing companies in South Africa; it has won the 2008 Mail Guardian/Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism Greening the future award for Envinox plant. Its motto Growing food security, Growing profitability clearly illustrates the companys aim, which is to encourage farmers to use fertilisers as to yield more crops while preserving the Earths natural or enriched state as not to harm it. Omnia produces granular, liquid and speciality fertilisers which are manufactured at different plants throughout the country. Its biggest laboratory, Chemtech Agri, is situated at Sasolburg, which supplies the product directly to farmers and wholesalers. Other than supplying locally, it also exports from its Johannesburg division to Omnia business in Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malawi and Angola, and to wholesalers in east and southern Africa, Australia and New Zealand. They are also exporting more and more speciality products to Europe, South America and Asia. SASOL NITRO Sasol started manufacturing fertilisers and supplying to other companies in the early 1950s. They eventually decided to provide directly to farmers in 1984 by creating Sasol Fertilisers, now known as Sasol Nitro, which is one of the leaders in the South African fertiliser industry. It mainly manufactures LAN (Limestone Ammonium Sulphate) and ammonium sulphate, and nitric in Secunda where some of its facilities are located. It also produces granular fertiliser blends in Durbanville and Bellville, and liquid fertilisers in Potchefstroom, Kimberley and Endicott. These fertilisers are either sold for retail and on a wholesale basis, and are also exported to a few selected regions. Sasol also offers a special agronomical back-up system through its agronomists and agents throughout the country, with the aim to help and satisfy its clients. THE FERTILISER INDUSTRY IN SOUTH AFRICA AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ECONOMY Africa is using the least amount of fertiliser in the world according to John Pender, a senior researcher at the International Food Policy Research Institute In South Africa the fertiliser industry is essential as much of population relies on farming in order to sustain themselves. If the crops have little yield, the farmers will not be able to produce much food to eat and sell, which will in turn mean little income and ultimately less money to spend on seeds and fertiliser which would enhance the growth of their crops. Therefore, bringing down the cost of fertilisers is the key to increasing its access to rural communities; and with South Africa being prominently poor, about 40% of the population, this cost reduction is essential, whether it is the price of the products used to manufacture the fertiliser or the actual retail price. Africas rich soil has been one of its biggest sources of wealth throughout the years as it contains diamonds, uranium and petroleum as well as coal deposits, oil and natural gas which are all sources of energy used to produce nitrogen based fertilisers. Therefore, there is ample opportunity for international investments to be made to the South African fertiliser industry which would ultimately enhance our economy. However, it is important to have a balance between the private and public investments to ensure that the pursuit of profit does not eclipse the continents need to feed itself as said by Jomo Kwame Sundaram, the United Nations Assistant Secretary-General for Economic Development. The estimated gross value of South Africas agricultural output in 2003/04 is of R72 000 million. The demand of fertilisers comes from the demand for food, which is quite significant in South Africa. This demand is expected to rise in the foreseeable future, which implies that there will be a more intensive food production which will increase the need for fertilisers. The price of fertilisers is mostly affected by the international prices, the currency exchange rate and freight costs. In 2004 the prices were as follow: Urea R2 464/tonne MAP R2 075/tonne MOP R2 110/tonne CAN R1 691/tonne The fertilizer industry of today is fully exposed to the world market forces and operates in a totally deregulated environment with no import tariffs or government sponsored support measures according to fertusouthafrica.pdf (see reference page). South Africa, having no local potassium salt deposits has to rely on imports. This affects the rest of the fertilizer industry as potassium is an essential element in the manufacturing of chemical fertilizers, and the cost of imports are higher than if it had been found locally. We do import quite a lot of phosphoric acid from Foskor (about 725 000 tonnes every year) as well as about 400 000 tonnes of granular NPK to the Sub-Saharan Africa.

The Puritans: Fanatic or not? :: essays paper

The Puritans: Fanatic or not? A religious fanatic is someone who takes his or her religion to the extreme, letting it control everything in his or her day to day life. The Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay colony are a prime example of this extremist view of religion. They had com plete religion based lives including the laws that they wrote, the way they treated outspoken women, and the way they treated people of other religions. The Puritans, for the most part, were good people, they just went way too far when it came to their r eligious beliefs. In the late 16 hundreds, the Puritans wrote their laws according to what the Bible states in the Old Testament, and to what they thought should also be a sin against God. These laws made some very petty and insignificant things illegal; such as worshipp ing a God other than the Lord God, cursing the name of God, a child over 16 cursing his parents, and being stubborn or rebellious against one's own parents. The punishment for all of the afore mentioned laws and for many others was death. Even interpr eting a preacher's sermon in a different way was enough to get in trouble with the law. And for one woman it did. The mix of being a woman and committing an act against the church was even worse. Anne Hutchinson was a woman in the Puritan society with her own religious views. Ones that she shared with a select group of people in the community when she held small meetings at her home to reevaluate and reinterpret what the preacher had said in his sermon. For this she got arrested, put on trial in a severe cross-examination, and was finally banished from the community. In this day and age, sharing of religious vi ews, even from a woman, wouldn't even be thought of as bad, much less a serious crime. But to the Puritans, having different views of God's word was enough to have a person put to death. Even if they were from a different community all-together. The peace-loving Quakers lived in Massachusetts along side the Puritans, but did not believe in the same things as them. The Puritan community saw this as a demonic act and believed them to be "under the strong delusion of Satan." Serious injustices we re done to them, and most of the time it was to innocent people. People were kept days without food, women were stripped stark naked, one lay neck and heels in irons for

Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers

Throughout The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne uses Nature to symbolize both the negative and positive character traits which set the mood of the novel. By doing this, Hawthorne steps out of the traditional Romantic ideals, putting The Scarlet Letter into an her genre. I will call it post- Romanticism. Traditional Romantic writings only portray the positive side of human nature. They show the positive effects of individualism, the soul and freedom as only being positive. By comparing the imagery of nat e in relationship to the characters, we see the positive and negative, which is not a traditional Romantic theme. Hawthorne uses many different negative variations of plant imagery to illustrate his ideas. First of all, living plant life, portraying the torturing of Dimmesdale by Chillingworth, remains evident throughout the novel. For example, when Chillingwo h went to the forest to gather herbs he â€Å"dug up roots and plucked off twigs from the forest trees†(1511) which symbolizes how Chillingworth was â€Å"plucking† the life out of Dimmesdale limb by limb. Also, Hawthorne describes grass as pure and without weeds o kill the grass; however, â€Å"when poor Mr. Dimmesdale was thinking of his grave, he questioned with himself whether the grass would ever grow on it, because an accursed thing must there be buried†(1495). Dimmesdale feels himself dammed. It can not be a ued that Chillingworth is doing anything positive. From the beginning, when he first sees Hester, he had only selfish and hedonistic reasons for â€Å"helping† Dimmesdale. â€Å"It Irks me, nevertheless, that the partner of her iniquity should not, at least, s nd on the scaffold by her side, But he will be known! - he will be known! - he will be known!†(1455). When Dimmesdale dies Chillingworth has no one to torment with his evil schemes. â€Å"All his strength and energy- all his vital and intellectual force- emed at once to desert him; insomuch that he positively withered up, shriveled away, and almost vanished from mortal sight, like a uprooted weed that lies wilting in the sun†(1552). During Chillingworth and Dimmesdale’s covert discussion about â€Å"the powers of nature call[ing] so earnestly for the confession of sin,[and discussing] that these black weeds have sprung up out of a buried heart, to make manifest an unspoken crime†(1 9) illustrates the idea of weeds filling the heart with sin and guilt. Moreover, â€Å"the black flower of civilized society†(1448) refers to the Puritans harsh attitude towards sinners as they view Hester’s punishment.

personal :: essays research papers

Depression is a chronic mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and irritability. Many people do not realized that depression is a disease, it’s a real medical disorder where changes occur in the brain, and they have medicine that helps correct these imbalances. Depression has been described as a â€Å"whole-body illness† because it doesn’t only affect the person’s mood but can affect every aspect of a person’s life. Depression is an illness, not a state of mind or a weakness. Depression is caused by a chemical imbalance in the brain, but there are also other factors that may play a role as well, such as: environment - a significant loss, a difficult relationship or financial problems all produce stress. The body, by secreting extra amounts of certain hormones persisting for a long time, can produce changes in the brain actually killing some of the nerve cells. psychological - peoples whose personalities involve pessimistic thinking, low self-esteem and excessive worrying are more likely to develop depression. Genetics could also play a part - parents, siblings and children of depressed people are four times more likely to get depressed than a non-relative. Depression can affect anyone, any age. Even infants can become depressed, and may even die when they receive only a limited amount of human contact. Out of the estimated 17.6 million Americans suffering from depression each year, 1.5 million are children under eighteen. In teens depression is sometimes masked, shown in different ways like drugs, alcohol use, trouble in school, at home or with the law, withdrawal from social activities and sulkiness, grouchiness, and over-sensitivity. Sadness may be shown by wearing black clothes, writing poetry with morbid themes or music with nihilistic themes. Sleep disturbances may be shown by watching television all night, difficulty in getting up for school, or sleeping during the day. Lack of motivation and lowered energy level is reflected by missed classes. Getting lower grades than usual can show loss of concentration and slowed thinking. Boredom could also be a sign of depression in teens, loss of appetite may become anorexia or bulimia. Depression can appear to come out of nowhere, or it can be triggered by a life event such as the death of ones mother or the divorce of ones parents. According to the American Psychiatric Association, someone is depressed when loss of interest or pleasure in almost all activities, or feelings of sadness last without relief for at least two weeks.

Identity: Wild Cat Falling by Colin Johnson, Pleasantville (1998)

Who am I? The question sounds cliche, but let’s be serious. Don’t you believe there is something inside you that you can’t describe, but seems to say, â€Å"This isn’t who I am, or who I planned to be†. The texts I have read emphasise the belief that socialization creates a mask, a false identity concealing the self and who we are to be. However, it is widely believed that identity is a product of socialization- that the self changes through our individual experiences. The persona of WCF is a victim of these processes. CJ’s use of shifting temporal frames allows us to review the persona’s past whilst retaining the present, demonstrating the impact of his childhood experiences on his identity. Jesse Duggan was an influential figure in protagonist’s formative years; her fear of the western culture lead her to condition her son into white society: â€Å"they belong to the white side of the fence. You’ve got to prove you do and don’t you forget it†. She isolates him from his traditional culture and instils in him the stigmas of the lesser breed. The persona’s frequent self derogatory remarks about being â€Å"a mongrel† and â€Å"born under the curse of Ham† indicate how society’s treatment of ‘Noongars’ has affected him. Socialization has isolated the protagonist, denying him his cultural identity and stifling his hopes. Throughout, the persona also remains anonymous, insinuating that his identity is amorphous. Yet we clearly see his mask; â€Å"I took a long look at him and sneered back in my best Hollywood crim voice†. His tone is satirical, as if he knows, his ‘crim’ act is not a true reflection of his identity. And in spite of this mask, his ‘core’ identity can also be seen: â€Å"I stood on the bed, face pressed to the bars, gulping the salt-sea tang until I became part of its crashing surf and soundless depths. † His mask hides his true nature, nonetheless it is revealed through his poetic sensibility. Eliot’s 1911 poem ‘Prufrock’ is a dramatic monologue of a middle-class English-man. For him, socialization demands his conformity to social norms, making him feel imprisoned by its mediocrity: â€Å"for I have known them all already, known them all; have known the evenings, mornings, afternoons†. The repetition of ‘known them all’ portrays life as routine without purpose. â€Å"my morning coat, my collar mounting firmly to the chin; my necktie rich and modest† the detail of his dress elaborately conceals his identity and his true feelings about society. Ironically, the repetition of ‘my’ implies an illumination of identity, rather than its suppression. It seems the Prufrock is afraid reveal his identity may ‘disturb the universe’: â€Å"do I dare, and, do I dare? Avoiding this ultimate question, he seeks peace in oblivion: I should have been a pair of ragged claws; scuttling across the floors of silent seas†. We are gregarious creatures, and Prufrock’s desire for isolation is untenable to us. Socialization has trapped him in a rock and a hard place: he may choose the peaceful oblivion of a void anyday, but he is too scared to reject a mask that he despises in case it may change his world: oh the irony! The 1998 film Pleasantville explores the effects of stepping out of a uniform society. they just happen to see something inside themselves that’s different†. This shot is taken from below, establishing this as a powerful argument and putting David in a position of power over the crowd. He is persuading Pleasantville that embracing your core values defines you as unique; special. He also ‘colours’ George Parker, by revealing to him his intrinsic values: â€Å"don’t you think she looks just as beautiful as the first day you met her? Now don’t you wish you could tell her that? The proxemics in this shot exaggerates David’s emotions and influences his father’s reaction. A shot of David is taken from the court’s POV, which allows for tension to rise before he moves to the side to reveal his ‘coloured’ father. The diagetic tone of shocked voices, coupled with the non-diagetic, soft music that swells at this new revelation, is us ed to highlight the importance of this scene as unearthing your inner self. It seems to say: this is the moment of epiphany, the moment when you discover this universe holds something wonderful and rare, just for you. In David’s own words â€Å"if you just have the guts† to look inside yourself, you’ll find all that â€Å"who am I to be† crap alot easier to handle. WCF’s persona began to confront that ‘song’ or ‘dream’ that had always been with him. Prufrock decided he’d rather drown than face the vast emptiness of his identity. But by giving Pleasantville the choice of change, it instituted profound normative values in people: love, passion, knowledge, peace, expression. All the colours of the rainbow. Though the belief that socialization morphs a person into who they are is predominant in society, it is hard to say that this is truly the case. These texts seem to emphasise the belief that socialization creates masks to conceal our core identities. Of course, socialization can shape us. Would a beggar have the same choices as a rich man? From my perspective, socialization may have us prepare that â€Å"face to meet the faces that you meet† but it may never alter our core identity, which is inevitably revealed when we confront our true emotions.

Relationship between Learning and Grading

To understand the relationship between evaluation and learning, we need to understand the evaluation pattern currently in use. Level 1, shows superficial concern on the work done by students. It takes for granted that the work done by students must be graded. Level 2 asks if traditional assessment or ‘authentic’ evaluation, which would delve deeper into students achievements? Level 3 enquires the need of evaluating students. The idea of wanting to know about the student performance itself is objectionable. Labeling students on the basis of performance often misjudges them. Student performance does not show any improvement on strict assessment. On the other hand, when it is easier to score, the learners do not put inferior work. Often the same teacher may put different grades to the same work when assessed at two different times. Thus the variation in score indicates subjective assessment .It makes learning incompatible. Motivation is an important aspect of assessment. If the motivation is inherent, then the student learns for his own sake, on the other hand, when the motivation is external, learning is for a purpose, the purpose being escaping a punishment or expecting a reward. Both are conflicting in nature. The findings reveal that student’s performance suffers and they exhibit lesser interest and focus on the task, if they know that they will be graded. Rote learning falls apart when the students know that they will be graded. Japanese students exhibit less interest in the subject and willingness to answer difficult questions, when they know they would be examined. Thus using grades to evaluate students made them lower interest, instill the fear of failure and disheartened their learning and creativity. (Butler and Nissan 1986, P.215). Some educators believe that providing feedback in form of grades is inadequate. It does not tell the student, where he or she went wrong, and the scope for improvement. Eric Schaps (1993) designed the ‘demand’ and ‘support’ models. The demand model highlights the student’s performance as ‘chosen’ and ‘earned’ making education an investment and preparation of a future worker. The ‘support ‘model is learner oriented making students responsible in the tasks they have chosen. It teaches that supportive and engaging environment is wanted more than improvement. The 5 main principles of assessment are – 1.In no way should evaluation stop curiosity or instill fear. 2. Interest sparked in students can be read by observation by experienced teachers. 3. School can become a caring place, making students feel free to discuss problems and seek help. 4. Assessment should be directly related to quality of curriculum. It is important to know if the student has received anything worthwhile from the curriculum.5 Students to play a decisive role in evaluation, to know that it is a learning experience. In case Grades are a must, it is important that they are supplemented by adequate comments. Gradation should not be done, while the students are still learning. A teacher should not mark students on a curve, saying only few are eligible for top marks. It is destructive to the self esteem of the student. Grades should never be given for effort, for it creates an opposite effect. Teachers need to keep an eye on the interest level of the curriculum too.

(P2) in a Business Report: Task 2: Describe the Different Stakeholders Who Influence the Purpose of Two Business Organisations You Have Selected. Essay

In a business report: Task 2: Describe the different stakeholders who influence the purpose of two business organisations you have selected. NHS Stakeholder: Stakeholder is a person, group or organisation that has interest or concern in an organisation. Stakeholders can affect or be affected by the organisation’s actions, objectives and policies. Some examples of key stakeholders are creditors, directors, employees, government, owners (shareholders), suppliers, unions, and the community from which the business draws its resources. The stakeholders of NHS are: ïÆ'ËœManager – The manager influence NHS, because the manager is the one who makes decisions everyday which includes what medicine or service should be offered should be offered and the manager also decides who he/she should take into service or fire. ïÆ'ËœDoctor’s have influence on the patients as they have to help people by treating patient’s illness, providing advice and support, and seeing the effects of both ill health and good health from the patient’s point of view. They have to examine the symptoms presented by a patient, and consider a range of possible diagnoses. If they are unable to do this it will affect the patients and the company as the patients will lose their trust in the doctors, and as a result it will affect the company’s reputation. ïÆ'ËœPatient/Client have an influence on the company, because without the patients/clients NHS won’t have any service to offer. This means that if there are no patients then the Government will decide that the company should shut down. ïÆ'ËœAdmin and Clerical staff have a great influence on NHS, as they are responsible for paper work e.g. keeping patients records and send e-mails and letters to patients regarding their health. ASDA’s Stakeholder: The stakeholders of ASDA are: ïÆ'ËœEmployees influence ASDA because employees are the people who are responsible to carry out variety of business activities, e.g. they are involved in decision making of the business, controlling the Health and Safety regulations and planning the merchandise. ïÆ'ËœCustomers want low-priced, good products. Modern customers also have high expectations of organisations. They will want them to get involved in the local community. They will then want to know about them. ASDA stores and depots have community notice boards and a monthly magazine is produced which features community events. ïÆ'ËœSuppliers at a national level are the very large providers to ASDA. They will want to sell goods in volume at good prices. This gives them economies of scale. ASDA has worked hard at building up links with local suppliers. It works with small and medium-sized businesses that are able to provide products for groups of stores at terms that suit them. ïÆ'ËœColleagues like to serve the community. The retail industry is not highly paid – customers demand low prices and operations require a large number of colleagues. So working with the community helps to motivate colleagues. All the events that ASDA holds are shared in an in-house monthly newsletter.

Kot Task 1

Running Head: Active Leadership 1 Active Leadership in The Interdisciplinary Team KOT 1 Task 1 November 18, 2012 Running Head: Active Leadership 2 Leadership Strategies It is a fact that in order to produce a favorable client outcome, we seek guidance from our leaders. There are times when a nurse assumes a leadership role while not formally possessing that title. Two strategies for a nurse on an interdisciplinary team to exhibit are assuming a leadership attitude and acting as a mentor. Assuming a leadership attitude involves effective communication.To gain respect in an interdisciplinary group, one must give it as well. Feedback should be encouraged to allow fellow members to feel connected to the group. Leadership attitude involves setting the tone for teamwork to evolve. Respecting and valuing other team member’s opinions impacts their contribution to the goal at hand. When problems arise, it is essential that interdisciplinary groups work as a unit. Team members respect t hose individuals that exhibit a sense of mentorship. Mentors play an important role as they contribute both knowledge and experience.Mentors serve as good resources when issues and concerns need to be addressed. Running Head: Active Leadership Active Involvement 3 Clients benefit when interdisciplinary teams interact. Nurses must be actively involved to ensure that specific goals are met. In patient care, there are many types of staff involved. Every team member plays a vital role and must be respected. A nurse’s role in the plan of care is important. The nurse presents data like lab work, diagnostic tests and nursing assessments. This information is important in acquiring a common goal.Contributing Position Nurses often find themselves in a position where they can actively contribute in an interdisciplinary team. Two ways they can contribute are as patient advocates and educators. There are times when nurses may enlighten other team members to specific items such as lab work and diagnostic tests. A good example of patient advocacy is during a surgical procedure. While a client is under general anesthesia, the nurse serves as the clients advocate and care giver because they cannot fend for themselves.These contributions are vital in adding to the plan of care formulated by the interdisciplinary group. Running Head: Active Leadership 4 Culture of Safety Unfortunately, mistakes in healthcare can and will continue to occur. Healthcare providers may obtain a level of reduction in mistakes by contributing to a â€Å"culture of safety†, as indicated by J. Roughton (July 02, 2008). There are many examples of the idea of promoting a safetyinfluenced environment in a healthcare setting. One example comes to mind while considering the four characteristics of a culture of safety as indicated by A. Frankel and M.Leonard (2011). During a surgical procedure an operating room attendant notices that a sharps container is full. His job description does not entail the disposal of sharps. He decides that the issueat-hand must be addressed. He knows that because of active leadership, there is an air of comfort in expressing his concerns. Fear is reduced as his concerns are received openly and respectfully because of the psychological safety. Recourse is eliminated, as fairness is present in the system. Because of transparency, other team members will utilize the information to improve the decision making process.Running Head: Active Leadership 5 References Frankel, A. MD, Principal, Pascal Metrics Inc. Institute for Healthcare Improvement. Lesson ! : The Power of speaking up. PS 106: Introduction to the Culture of Safety p. 4 (2011). Michael, L. MD, Principal, Clinical Group, Pascal Metrics Inc. Institute for Healthcare Improvement. Lesson ! : The Power of speaking up. PS 106: Introduction to the Culture of Safety p. 4 (2011). Roughton, J (July 2, 2008). Characteristics of a Culture of Safety [web blog]. Retrieved from http://www. emeetingplac e. com/safetyblog/2008/07/02

Conflict Resolution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Conflict Resolution - Research Paper Example This makes it dependent on inspirational communication. Unlike persuasive communication, the latter aims at motivating and promoting growth in an organization (DuBrin, 2011). Listening skills enhance effective communication in a powerful way so that the listeners easily get the message. The art of listening is an essential item of communication; thus, when the audience adapts to the necessary listening skills, the process becomes easy. For example, the audience should remain calm during communication to avoid distractions that could tamper with the message. Asking questions depicts a picture of good reception. The audience should not be biased about the speaker but be open-minded and listen to their content. For example, during a conversation the participants should practice turn taking and listen to their partners. These skills result in an effective communication process (Downs & American Society for Training and Development, 2008). In order to avoid the barriers in cross-cultural communication, people should learn and appreciate each other’s cultures. In the process, they comprehend different languages, thus facilitating successful cross-cultural communication. In addition, the use of non-verbal communication enhances proper intercultural communication. When an individual cannot hear, signs and observation play a vital role in understanding the message being delivered to them, such as eye contact (Stringer & Cassiday, 2009). To overcome cross-cultural barriers that already exist, the creation of cultural awareness is extremely essential. This aims at educating people on the importance of cultural diversities and urges them to be open-minded and respectful. In addition, in public places an interpreter should be provided for the audience. This is an effective strategy that prevents conflicts and misinterpretation of information (Stringer & Cassiday,

Advertising Red Bull Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Advertising Red Bull - Essay Example The Christians, they believe that only Jesus had such powers to walk over water, but if this drink was capable to make someone do what Jesus is the only one who could do, then it is portrayed to be as powerful as Jesus (Anne-Marrie, 2012). This British Company has received a slap on the cheek as it tried to make fun of the Titanic tragedy where more than 1,500 people lost their lives. The bad reception saw the company lose market all over the world as people tried to criticize them that it is so soon and not enough to make fun of such a tragedy moment (Kieran, 2013). The ad suggested that if Red Bull was on board, people who could have taken it could have had wings to fly away hence escaping death. It is because of this negative reception about the company that this ad program is being developed so that the company image can be regained and the business can boom once more. Product The Red Bull Company specializes in its main product of Red Bull energy drink. It actually found an oppo rtunity in the market gap where there was a need for an energy drink which is non-alcoholic. This product was specially designed for use by everyone, both children and adults and both believers like Christians and non-believers like pagans. The product had already gained fame in the global market, but this was recently declining due to the bad advert. Therefore, there is a great need for the company to restructure their ad in order to convince back its customers. Marketing Mix The company uses various strategies in order to capture and manage its market niche for this particular product. In its efforts to achieve this, the company has taken into consideration the exercise of the four Ps of marketing: product, price, place & promotion. Product: the company has ensured that its product is harmless to all age groups in the society hence it captures a wide customer base. The product can be used by the sportsmen, fatigued, the sick, and any other person who either requires refreshment or replenishment of lost energy in any kind of activity they are involved in. Price: the company has used various pricing strategies to enable all its users find it affordable everywhere in the world. The pricing captures both the wholesale and retail price prices where the big stores purchase the product at a wholesale price and sell it to the retailers at a different price, at least making profits. And the retailers also sell it to the consumers at a bit higher prices, but still affordable for the customers. Place: the company is a global company where it sells its products to the internationally in the global market. It gained fame very fast being that the product was more of a soft drink and could also provide the users with energy. Promotion: the product uses various media platforms to promote its product so that sales and popularity can be increased. The company has recently received a negative reception for using a bad ad which has made it lose market in most parts of the world . Therefore, the company plans to make good choices of adverts that will get a good reception and would not inflict any pain to the people’s feelings again. The company has always used media like the print media, social media, televisions, posters, billboards and events to promote their product all over the world (Ali, 2012). Choice of Media for the Advert The ad will be aired on the social media, especially on Facebook where billions of people visit on a daily basis; hence many people can be reached at a time. The

Noel Burch and Tom Gunning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Noel Burch and Tom Gunning - Essay Example According to Burch, the Theory of Film Practice is at every point derived is based on the perception of film as something that develops not through the constraints and conventions of an industry, but rather, it originates on the opposition to them. Burch, in all his work, has seemed to dedicate himself into redefining the components of film forms or styles. Burch's perception on film viewing and film-making are both as parts of the same intrinsic process. He re-establishes the shot changeover as the foundation of formal articulation in the cinema. Burch's quest led him into discovering what he perceived as a â€Å"purer cinema† which, in his point of view, is free of conservative ideologies. His Theory of Film of practice remains to be one of the main points in the study of criticisms in the Western film. In his book, Burch tackled various concepts such as the continuous and discontinuous forms of cutting as well as further investigating the various uses of off-screen space wh ich are defined and investigated extensively. Factors which he explored in the last seven chapters of his book included softness and sharpness of focus, lighting contrasts, moving and stationary images, long and short sequences, structural uses of sound, functions of chance as well as an interesting category which he designated as the â€Å"structures of aggression.† In Gunning's point-of-view, the general feel of narrative films gave audience the sense of being an unknown spectator of the film, generally watching. unknowing characters of each film

Week 10 Assignment 5.2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Week 10 Assignment 5.2 - Essay Example In Asia Pacific alone, the industry is seeing a rapid growth in air travel demand. (Kollau, R., 2011) In the western part of the world, Southwest Airlines is one of the leaders in low-cost carriers. (Jones, C., 2012) The company registered a net income of $421 million in 2012 with over 3,000 flights daily. (Southwest, 2013) With the demand for low-cost air travel increasing, airline companies are coming up with ways to get their share of consumers to stay in business. Although Southwest Airlines is still earning revenue (S.D., 2011), it should not be complacent and should continue to look for ways to keep making income. One method is to acquire a bigger aircraft which could accommodate more passengers but at the same time be cost-efficient. Comparisons and projections were made between the efficiency of Southwest Airlines’ existing fleet and a new fleet inclusive of the Boeing 737-900ER, by far the biggest aircraft in the series. (Boeing, 2013) Data was gathered from the websites of Boeing and Southwest Airlines. With the inclusion of AirTran’s planes which Southwest acquired in May 2011, Southwest Airlines had operated 694 Boeing jets by the end of 31 December 2012. (Southwest, 2013) This is equivalent to a combined seating capacity of 94,310. Figure 1 shows the breakdown of airplane type, number of aircrafts per type and the seats per aircraft. The Boeing 737-900ER replaced the 737-900 between 1997 and 2003. It is the latest model in the 737 series and can carry up to 180 passengers or up to 220 passengers depending on the layout. (Boeing, 2013) Figure 2 shows the additional seating capacity of the Southwest Airlines fleet with the Boeing 737-900ER. With a significantly lower operating cost, the 737-900ER is capable of going to 96% of the route of an obsolete but popular Boeing model, the 757. (Media, 2013) The newer model has been in demand in the industry ever since its

Analytical Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Analytical - Research Paper Example Furthermore, information systems assist the decision makers to have a clear perception about the present situation of the organization by proving strong evidences about the organization. However, healthcare information systems have certain demerits as well. Implementation of the systems is quite an expensive process and it also requires a lot of efforts and trained individuals to operate effectively. The management of information system is fundamentally done to gather data from the different departments of an organisation and then to present the data in a systematic format. Management of information system furthermore includes processing of the gathered data. Management of information system plays a vital role in most of the organisations. This system ensures the collection of appropriate data from the different sectors of the organisation and further facilitates to deliver the collected data when it is required (University of Mumbai, 2012). According to Colesca and Dobrica (2009), information system management plays a significant role in improving the efficiency of the healthcare organizations. Furthermore, it facilitates in improving the effectiveness of the services provided by the organizations while maintaining the costs at a minimum level. In addition, the system aids the organizations to remain competitive according to current market scenario and also enables them to provide high quality services as per the requirements of the customers (Colesca & Dobrica, 2009). According to Carlson (2007), management information systems can provide a numerous significant benefits to the healthcare organizations. These systems facilitates in the decision making process of the organizations and enable them to control the emerging related difficulties and also provide a basis to the organisations to monitor their progress towards the organisational goals. In addition, these systems educate the individuals as well as communities about the

Child Development 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Child Development 2 - Essay Example There are four significant developmental stages that correspond to the ages of 18 months, 7 years, 11 years and above 11 years. The ages correspond to the sensi-motor, pre-operational, concrete operational and formal operational stages of acquiring knowledge and skills (Atherton, 2011). Thus, certain tasks are not achievable until children reach a certain developmental stage regardless of how intelligent a child appears to be. Of all Piaget’s ideas, assimilation and accommodation are considered most significant (Atherton, 2011). These two processes are complementary and describe how anything in the external world is internalized by an individual. In assimilation, anything that is perceived in the environment is made to fit into stereotypes or preconceived notions. Accommodation is the process of accommodating the mind to what has been assimilated. Piaget’s theory was significant because it gave general ideas of cognitive development and points to the relationship of env ironment and the child. Piaget was the first to point out the importance of transformation in cognition (Gelman, 1979). The major criticism is that the theory is very rigid. The capacity of children for logical thinking of abstract events can be achieved earlier than age 11, and some people take longer to achieve the formal operational stage.

Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 10

Annotated Bibliography Example I concur with the author`s conclusion that AIDS screening and training programs that are gender-specific lowers HIV transmission in prisons. This research used questionnaires to figure out gender differences in the level of knowledge about HIV symptoms, transmission and prevention measures among inmates in the United States. Both sexes showed an understanding of what HIV is and the common routes of transmission. However, some presenting symptoms associated with HIV, like the frequent vaginal yeast infection and vaginal discharge, are only in women and not in men. In addition, prevention measures in women were slightly different from the ones for men. Due to these differences, the author concluded that preventive education oriented programs used in male inmates prisons may not be entirely beneficial to female inmates. Global Network of People Living with HIV/AIDS. (2009). Advancing the sexual and reproductive health and human rights of people living with HIV: a guidance package. Amsterdam: The Global Network of People Living with HIV/AIDS (GNP+). This paper intends to educate women inmates living with HIV on how and why to fulfill their sexual needs and have a reproductive health. The well-being of HIV-positive women is taken into consideration as one way of respecting the human rights. Methods meant to make them live longer, be healthier, be more productive and live more satisfying lives are explored. Inmates are encouraged to get involved in physical exercise, avoid intravenous drug use and avoid risky sexual behaviors. Peer education and respecting human rights (no rape) can prevent the spread of new infections. The author concludes that preventing transmission of diseases protects not only the inmates but also the society at large. This work is one of the articles from United Nations & AIDS (UNAIDS) - an international body that focuses on HIV/AIDS. The author explains what makes women more vulnerable to

Gucci Handbags Essay Example for Free

Gucci Handbags Essay Gucci handbags are some of the most desired and most attractive handbags available in the market. Synonymous with elegance and quality, the price of Gucci handbags, from the bamboo-handled handbag which catapulted the Gucci brand into international fame in the 1940s (and still used today) to the sleek new collection for 2005, varies from an affordable $100.00 to as high as $3,000.00. The newest line of Gucci Handbags was launched in the latter part of 2004 and the full product list can be viewed through the official Gucci site. The 2004 line of Gucci handbags are still available for purchase. Some handbags from past seasons may still be available, with the more popular designs often priced at higher levels. Gucci History Guccio Gucci, founder of the Gucci brand, was the son of an Italian merchant from Italy’s northern manufacturing region. In his youth, Gucci rebelled against joining his family’s straw hat making business by running away to London where he worked at the opulent and upscale Savoy Hotel. He spent much of his time paying much attention to the baggage of the hotel’s wealthy guests and this was where he gained an understanding of â€Å"cosmopolitan culture, sophistication and aesthetics†. When 39 year old Guccio Gucci returned to Florence in 1921, he set up his own shop, the House of Gucci, at 7 via della Vigna Nuova where he started by selling luggage and horse saddles. He hired the finest craftsmen in the area to work in his atelier, and he personally designed many of the Gucci products sold. His venture turned out to be a success and in 1938, he opened another store in the eternal city of Rome. The Gucci name continued to grow, and in 1947 the company reached even greater heights when they introduced the bamboo-handle handbag, an item that is still used by the company today. Further developments included the red striped webbing, which was derived from the saddle girth. This was incorporated into Gucci products in the 1950s. In 1953, Guccio Gucci passed away and his four sons took over running the company. It was after Guccio Gucci’s death that the House of Gucci broke the international market. Through the leadership of Aldo Gucci, the company opened satellite boutiques in London, Paris and New York. In the late 1960s, the House of Gucci (or Gucci) was able to penetrate the Asian market when they opened stores in Hong Kong and Tokyo. It was during this period that the famous GG logo (Guccio Gucci’s initials) was developed. The 60s also ushered in the Flora silk scarf, often worn by actress Grace Kelly; and the Jackie O shoulder bag, which was made famous by the late Jackie Kennedy, wife of former US. President John F. Kennedy. In the late 1970s, the Gucci Accessories Collection (GAC), composed of small items including make up bags, lighters, and pens were developed to increase the sales of the Gucci Parfums sector. These items, considerably more reasonably priced than the other items in their collection, were well received. Soon, the Accessories division outsold the Parfums division and brought the exclusive Gucci brand to thousands of stores in the United States. Because the Gucci name became more accessible to ordinary people, the brand suddenly lost its exclusive appeal. The name was further damaged by the proliferation of cheap fakes and replicas. In 1989, a third generation Gucci came to the helm of the Gucci Company. Maurizio Gucci, son of Rodolfo Gucci inherited the Company from his father and immediately stated that he wanted to incorporate numerous changes in the company. He invited the celebrated Dawn Mellow to join the business as a creative director. In Gucci America, Domenico de Sole was appointed to take charge. Although designers Geoffrey Beene and Calvin Klein were already part of Gucci’s roster of designers, Dawn Mello, through the urging of his partner Richard Buckley, took in a young designer named Tom Ford. This young designer would make Gucci a byword in the fashion industry once again. In the early 1990s, Gucci went through the poorest time in the company’s history. Due to several wrong decisions, the company experienced heavy losses and, once again, almost went bankrupt. Although Maurizio Gucci loved the family’s business dearly and had noble intentions, he was clearly incapable of leading the company. In 1993, he was forced to sell his shares to Investcorp. Dawn Mellow left a year after Maurizio Gucci’s departure and the position of creative director went to 32 year old Tom Ford. Ford took Gucci’s image towards a new direction. If he was unable to do that under the direction of Maurizio Gucci and Mellow, Forf was finally given the free rein under the supervision of De Sole. De Sole, now CEO of Gucci, realized that Gucci needed a new image if it were to become a profitable company once again. Thus, in 1995 the world saw a new Gucci. With a hip, trendy and bold new image, Gucci products were once again donned by the rich and famous such as Madonna and Gwyneth Paltrow. It was also in this year that Gucci Group became a publicly traded company, with listings on the New York and Amsterdam stock exchanges. Since then, Gucci has continued to prosper as an influential element in the fashion industry and a highly profitable business operation. The European Business Press Federation named The Gucci brand as the â€Å"European company of the Year 1998† for its economic and financial performance, strategic vision and management quality. Tom Ford left Gucci in 2004, together with De Sole. After much shuffling, the company is now headed by Frida Giannini and John Ray. Purchasing Gucci Gucci handbags are sold exclusively at Gucci directly operated stores or at authorized franchises and points of sales in select department stores, specialty shops and duty free counters. Authentic Gucci products are not sold through through internet auction sites such as Ebay. The company has forbidden their dealers to advertise or sell on Ebay. However, there are certified dealers of Gucci who have websites where you can purchase the latest lines of Gucci, such www.forzieri.com and www.ashford.com. In such websites, you are 100% assured that you will be buying the â€Å"real thing†. As of the end of 2004, Gucci operates 398 directly operated stores including 198 with Gucci, 60 with Yves Saint Laurent, 65 with Bottega Veneta and the rest with the Group’s other brands. Gucci is presently not seeking to expand its network of distribution. Authentic Gucci Guarantee All Gucci handbags are manufactured in Italy and made with the highest quality materials. Original Gucci products always come with a Gucci authenticity card. To ensure that you get an authentic Gucci handbag, buy only from authorized Gucci dealers or outlets. For a full listing of authorized dealers near your area, visit www.gucci.com

Gambling among Adolescents in North America Essay Example for Free

Gambling among Adolescents in North America Essay Lottery, card games, sports betting and money wagers. These are a few kinds of gambling that adults engage in; however, the youth of today are also found to be gambling more than adults (Derevensky Gupta, 2002; Huang Boyer, 2007). According to Derevensky Gupta (2002), there is an alarmingly high percentage of children and adolescents engaged in gambling activities. In a long-term analysis between 1984 to 1999, it was found that the prevalence of youth gambling in North America increased from 45% to 66% and that the proportion of the youth who have serious gambling-related problems have increased as well from 10% to 15% in the same time period (Huang Boyer, 2007). In the past 25 years in the United States and Canada, it has been found that the youth is significantly associated with gambling-related problems; the percentage of youth classified under the Sub-clinical or problem gambling (Level 2) and the pathological gambling (Level 3) were at 14. 6% and 4. 8% respectively in 2006, which is more than twice of the adults who only have a percentage of 2. 5% and 1. 5% each (ibid). Among the youth, it has also been found that more young men gamble more than women and they are also identified to be problem gamblers than young women and even among adults (Huang Boyer, 2007). In North America today, approximately 80% of adolescents have participated in some form of gambling for money within in their lifetime (Felsher, Derevensky Gupta, 2003; Messerlian Derevensky, 2005). This is an alarming rate. The number of youth who are engaged in adolescent gambling is higher today more than ever before and it is starting to become a serious public health issue that many nations, especially the United States and Canada, are trying to address (Messerlian Derevensky, 2005). Considerable research by psychologist and sociologists are being conducted regarding this problem. This paper will identify the causes of adolescent gambling, its consequences and what psychologists and the government are doing to treat this issue. Causes of Adolescent Gambling The availability and accessibility of gambling increased progressively in the United States and Canada from 1984-1999, which was also the time that an increase in youth gambling also occurred (Derevensky Gupta, 2002). This increase in youth gambling has been attributed to the support of the two governments in the lucrative gambling industry. Political economy theories of Sauer maintain that this is due to the need for revenue generation of the large governments (Messerlian Derevensky, 2005). The youth have become exposed to numerous gambling establishments, directly and indirectly (Felsher et al, 2003). The widespread legalization of the different kinds of gambling in North America has greatly exposed the youth to the addictive game (ibid; Huang Boyer, 2007). Gambling has already become a â€Å"well-established recreational form of entertainment† (Felsher et al, 2003) and there is already an estimated 15. 3million adolescents in North America who have engaged in gambling activities and 2. 2 million of these are problem or pathological gamblers (Huang Boyer, 2007). Among 12-17 year old Americans, 4%–8% of them are already pathological gamblers and another 10%–15% of the youth are at risk of developing a serious problem (Felsher et al. , 2003; Messerlian Derevensky, 2005). Adolescents gamble because they are tempted by the â€Å"lure of excitement, entertainment, and potential financial gain associated with gambling† (Messerlian Derevensky, 2005). Increased exposure to gambling will teach the kids to gamble, and the social learning theory of Albert Bandura points out the role of observation and imitation in the acquisition and maintenance of socially desirable and undesirable characteristics (Felsher et al. , 2003). The increased exposure they have in gambling influences them to do the same. Family and friends are the primary reference groups, but it is the parents who have a stronger influence since they occur earlier than the peer group (ibid). The parents are observed to be having fun and adolescents surveyed said they gamble because their parents play for enjoyment and excitement, and it is the parents who play their children and engage them in gambling (ibid). In the social learning theory, there are six mechanisms identified that is involved in the development of gambling and these are: 1) affective states such as anxiety or depression; 2) cognitive distortions about gambling; 3) behavioral reinforcement schedules; 4) social and institutional determinants such as opportunity to gamble; 5) sub-cultural conditions like prevailing attitude towards gambling and values of the adolescent’s social context and reference groups (as seen in the preceding paragraph); and 6) internal fantasy relationships with personifications like the parents or â€Å"lady luck† (Upfold, 2007). Lottery is the most favored form of gambling by adolescents because of its ease of accessibility and the minimal amount of money required to participate in the draw (Felsher et al. , 2003). Parents purchase the lottery tickets and they include their children in their gambling activity by asking for their advice, such as what number/s they should pick, let them carry the money, fill in the lottery stubs, scratching the numbers, etc. (ibid). This observation and direct participation of gambling from significant reference groups, such as the parents, influences the youth’s participation in gambling activities (Messerlian Derevensky, 2005). The parental acceptance of gambling as a recreational activity further encourages the youth to partake in it (Felsher et al. , 2003). Adolescents who gamble say that they have learned it from their parents. 15% of children made first bet with their parents and another 20% with other family members (Messerlian Derevensky, 2005). Parents gamble in close proximity to their children and they have a poor understanding of the negative consequences that this will have on their child (ibid). The Cognitive-Behavioral Model, which is part of the social-learning theory, may explain this cause. The model is based on the principles of learning from imitation, observation, schedules of enforcement and cognition or how the youth would interpret and draw conclusions about the events around him or her (Upfold, 2007). They are enforced to gamble since the adolescents report that their parents are aware of their gambling and that they do not object to it; 50% of parents are aware and are not worried, disregarding the age of the child (Felsher et al. , 2003). 58. 5% of children in the study of Felsher et al. (2003) also say that they wager money with their parents, hence they are taught to gamble; some parents even purchase lottery tickets for their child’s behalf and it has been found that the more severe gambling a child is doing, the more tickets there are purchased by parents. Also, adolescents who were found to be regularly gambling report that they gamble with their family members and 40% say they do it with their parents (Messerlian Derevensky, 2005). â€Å"Problem gambling is governed by a complex set of interrelating factors, causes, and determinants: biological, familial, behavioral, social, and environmental† (ibid). Under environmental, ease of access of online-gambling sites on the Internet is a new problem since the youth can easily access it and can be enticed by the visual appeals of Internet gambling (ibid). Another important reference point and part of the environmental factor which indirectly teaches gambling to children and reinforces it is the school. There are schools who promote gambling through fundraising activities including lottery, raffle draws, bingo, casino nights, and by permitting card playing within schools (ibid). Another explanation for causes of gambling is the Psychodynamic Model, which proposes that personal problems â€Å"lie within the psyche and are an attempt at self-healing or a strategy of resolving unconscious psychic conflicts†¦beyond voluntary control,† (Upfold, 2007), hence the individual continues to engage in gambling. There are three main components in this model and they are: 1) Gambling is an unconscious substitute for aggressive outlets; 2) Gambling involves an unconscious desire to lose- a wish to be punished in reaction to guilt; and 3) Gambling is a medium for continued enactment of psychological conflict (ibid). Adolescents do not engage in gambling for money but for excitement and enjoyment; through video lottery terminals, sports betting, cards, lotteries, bingo and other forms of gambling, adolescents with a gambling problem exhibit a number of dissociative behaviors such as escape into another world where they have altered egos (Derevensky Gupta, 2002). Their personality traits that are correlated with risk-taking behavior such as excitable, extroverted, anxious and lower self-discipline show that they have poor coping and adaptive skills, so when they cannot cope with many hardships in their life or the stress of being a teenager, they gamble to â€Å"escape from the realities of daily life† (ibid). Gambling has been a way for adolescents who experience negative life events and use emotional-coping strategies to escape their problems, even if they have claimed to have social support from their peers (ibid; Bergevin, Gupta Derevensky, 2006). The Trait Theory of Gambling is also part of the psychodynamic model and it show that there are certain personalities that is related to the problem of gambling such as depression, anti-social personality disorder- particularly for pathological gamblers, and narcissism- as seen in the compulsive gamblers (Upfold, 2007). Other identified risk factors that may lead to adolescent gambling include male gender, alcohol and drug use, deviant peers, family history of gambling, and impulsive behavior (Pietrzak, Ladd Petry, 2003). Consequences of Adolescent Gambling The consequences of adolescent gambling are somewhat similar to that of adult gamblers; they not only affect themselves but society as a whole. Adolescent gambling does not only affect the individual adolescent but their families, peers, communities and health services (Messerlian Derevensky, 2005). The consequences the adolescent gamblers face are widespread and affects their psychological, behavioral, legal, academic, family and interpersonal domains- they become delinquent, have poor academic performance, impair their academic performance or even drop out from school, disrupt their relationship with family and friends, and display criminal behavior (ibid). They face negative health, psychological, social, personal and financial consequences that is why gambling is becoming a public health issue (ibid). It has been found that there is a strong correlation between adolescent gambling and the increased likelihood to drink alcohol, smoke tobacco and use drugs (Hardoon, Gupta Derevensky, 2004). Huang Boyer (2007) also says that adolescent gamblers are more likely to experience psychiatric problems, especially substance use disorders. The common factors that lead to this among adolescents are low self-esteem, depression, suicidal thoughts, victim of abuse, poor school performance, history of delinquency, poor impulse control, being male, early onset of gambling, parental history of gambling, and community/family acceptance of gambling (ibid). This will greatly affect the future of the youth since all that they indulge in is gambling. They become dissociated from the real world and spend much of their time gambling that they do not get to develop themselves as individuals anymore. They become more susceptible to suicide ideation and attempts, they replace their old friends with their gambling associates and they have a higher risk to develop an addiction or poly addictions (Gupta Derevensky, 2002). In the study of Felsher et al. (2003), they found that 94% of young male gamblers and 93% of young female gamblers are not afraid to get caught. This shows their lack of concern on what may happen to them if they are caught and this may also show the acceptance of their parents. Since parents and most institutions fail to recognize gambling as a serious problem or certain activities to be gambling (Derevensky and Gupta, 2002), the adolescents are at a higher risk to further develop their gambling addiction. The course of gambling varies from one individual to another; however, the social learning theory shows that since gambling behavior is acquired it can be thought of as a continuum or stages from problem-free gambling all the way to pathological gambling (Messerlian Derevensky, 2005; Upfold, 2007). Messerlian Derevensky (2005) states that â€Å"as gambling escalates and one moves along the continuum of gambling risk, the negative outcomes begin to outweigh any potential benefits† and this is when they would start experiencing different kinds of impaired personal, health, financial and social consequences. Treatments to Adolescent Gambling The numerous psychosocial costs of gambling to the individual, his/her family and to the community shows that this is a problem that must be addressed and treated (Derevensky and Gupta, 2002). Some adolescents do not know that they have a gambling addiction or disorder and this prevents them from getting proper treatment (ibid) however, with the intervention of family, friends or event the school, the adolescent may get treated. There are several kinds of treatment for adolescents who are already problem or pathological gamblers. Before these are discussed, prevention models for gambling will be discussed first since prevention is better than cure. Government policies should be stricter regarding gambling, particularly On-line gambling since that is readily accessible to the youth. Public policies that can influence the social environment and minimize unhealthy gambling behavior such as â€Å"legislation on advertising and promotion, laws regulating minimum age-requirements and their enforcement, provision of programs for harm minimization, fiscal measures, and regulation of the availability of products† should be balanced with the economic gains of the gambling industry (Messerlian Derevensky 2005). Other prevention models suggested by Derevensky Gupta (2002) include the need for awareness of the problem; activities that increase knowledge on adolescent gambling; programs to help modify and change attitude that gambling is not harmless; teaching of effective coping and adaptive skills to prevent problematic gambling; changing inappropriate conceptions about skill and luck, the illusion of control and independence in gambling activities; and identification, assessment and referral of students who are indicative of being at risk to gambling problems. Psychosocial approaches are one of the methods used to treat pathological gambling and this for adults this includes Gamblers Anonymous (Pietrzak et al. , 2006). For the adolescents several youth groups have been formed such as youthbet. net in Canada and wannabet. org in the United States; these website are managed by youths and non-governmental organizations to offer assistance and collaboration to adolescents (Messerlian Derevensky, 2005). Piertzak et al. (2006) found that cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) and eclectic therapy have been helpful in reducing problematic gambling behaviors. CBT involves altering the inaccurate perceptions, beliefs and attitudes of adolescents about gambling. The eclectic therapy is the individual approach to treating gambling problems and consists of: detailed assessment, acceptance of the problem, development of effective coping skills, restructuring of free time, involvement of family and social supports, cognitive restructuring, establishment of debt payment plans and relapse prevention (ibid). The motivational enhancement therapy (MET) is also used and is based on the concept that behavior change occurs through identifiable stages: pre-contemplation, contemplation, action and maintenance (ibid). In this approach, the therapist is non-confrontational and elicits the adolescent’s understanding of the consequences of gambling and strengthens the commitment to change the ways of the individual; since it has a shorter duration that CBT and other therapies, MET is recommended for onset problems (ibid). A disease model is also sometimes used to treat gambling problems. In this approach, the compulsive gambler is made to embrace abstinence from gambling, to participate in self-help groups and to maintain abstinence by going through therapy to deal with previous or latent psychological problems (Upfold, 2007). There is also the Ecological Approach wherein gambling behavior is viewed from multiple perspectives and addresses the behavior from an individual and socio-environmental level where interventions are made at five levels that affects an individual to gamble: biological, familial, behavioral, social and environmental (Messerlian Derevesnky, 2005). Internal and external factors cause an adolescent to gamble. Occasional gambling is harmless but once exposed to gambling especially at a young age, gambling problems may occur and develop into an addiction, which may affect the social, academic and personal life of the adolescent. Treatments vary such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, eclectic therapy, motivational-enhancement therapy and ecological approach; however, prevention of adolescent gambling is still the best and this can be done through increased awareness about the public health problem and stricter government policies regarding access of adolescents to gambling venues, especially online gambling. Bibliography Bergevin, T. , Gupta, R. and Derevensky, J. (2006). Adolescent gambling: Understanding the role of stress and coping. Journal of Gambling Studies, (22), 195-208. Derevensky, J. L. and Gupta, R. (2002). Youth gambling: A clinical and research perspective. The Electronic Journal of Gambling Issues. Retrieved April 9, 2008 from http://www. camh. net/egambling/issue2/feature/index. html Felsher, J. R. , Derevensky, J. L. , Gupta, R. (2003). Parental influences and social modelling of youth lottery participation. Journal of Community Applied Social Psychology, 13: 361-377. Hardoon, K. K. , Gupta, R. and Derevensky, J. L. (2004). Psychosocial variables associated with adolescent gambling. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 18 (2), 170 – 179. Huang, J. H. and Boyer, R.. (2007). Epidemiology of youth gambling problems in Canada: A national prevalence study. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 52 (10). Messerlian, C. and Derevensky, M. (2005). Youth gambling: A public health perspective. Journal of Gambling Issues (14). Pietrzak, R. H. , Ladd, G. T. and Petry, N. M. (2003). Disordered gambling in adolescents: Epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. Pediatr Drugs, 5 (9), 583 – 592. Upfold, Darryl. (2007). An introduction to conceptual models of problem gambling. Center for Addiction and Mental Health. Retrieved April 13, 2008, from http://www. problemgambling. ca/EN/ResourcesForProfessionals/Pages/AnIntroductiontoConceptualModelsofProblemGambling. aspx