Analyse the Ethos of Partnership with Parents Essay

The relationship between parent and practitioner or the service that they are working within is crucial to the effective outcome for all those concerned. It now seems impossible in modern Britain to imagine developing any kind of relationship with a child without taking into account the wider family and the impact it has on that child. Given that this is the case it is essential to understand the nature of that relationship and although there can be many types, the most effective parent-practitioner relationship is a partnership. Ideally, this would be defined by mutual participation, shared power, involving the expertise of both partners, with agreement about aims and process, negotiation, mutual respect and trust, and open and honest communication. In caring for someone else’s child, we inevitably work within an ‘emotional framework’ (BOVE 2001) and need to ensure that the ‘equivalent expertise’ of parents is fully recognised. Although the idea of partnership is widely accepted in current service policy, its meaning is rarely fully understood. Dictionary’s provide a range of meanings from â€Å"a person who takes part with another in doing something† to â€Å"an accomplice† but a parent- practitioner partnership has to be one in which both parties work closely together with active participation and involvement as opposed to the professional working on (e. g. treating) the parent. A fitting definition of partnership working that sits with this ethos is: ‘†¦. cross sector alliance in which individuals, groups or organisations agree to: work together to fulfil an obligation or undertake a specific task; share the risks as well as the benefits; and review the relationship regularly, revising their agreement as necessary. ’ (Quoted in Partnership made painless – a joined-up guide to working together, Harrison R et al, Russell House Publishing, 2003) In education, the idea of a partnership between parents and practitioners has been around for many years. In the late 1970s the Warnock Report reviewed provision for children with special educational needs in England and Wales. The report contained an influential chapter entitled ‘Parents as partners’ (CEEHCYP, 1978). In 2003 the government published a green paper called Every Child Matters (ECM). This started a big debate about services for children, young people and families. There was a wide consultation with people working in children’s services, and with parents, children and young people. The organisations involved with providing services to children and young people – from hospitals and schools to police and voluntary groups – began to team up in new ways, sharing information and working together to protect children and young people from harm. Following the consultation, the government published Every child matters: the next steps, and passed the Children Act 2004, providing the legal framework for developing more effective and accessible services focused around the needs of children, young people and families. In November 2004, Every child matters: change for children was published. This outlines the way local programmes for children, young people and families should be developed. Every Child Matters emphasises a vision for working with families that puts outcomes for children and young people first. It stated that working together as a partnership had a positive effect on parenting. For example, more self-confident adults are likely to be more self-confident parents. Together from the start, guidance published in 2003, on which the Early Support programme is based, said: ‘Parents have rights and responsibilities in relation to the development and care of their child. Professionals have a duty to acknowledge and understand the unique role and relationship each parent has with their child. ‘ This focus is shared by many other and more wide-ranging policy initiatives. The Children’s Plan, Building brighter futures, which sets out a ten-year Government agenda from 2007, identifies partnership with parents as its ‘unifying theme’. A partnership needs to respect the special knowledge that each partner brings to the relationship. Parents are the experts on their own children and when a partnership is built upon the well-being and the rights of all concerned and share common goals and shows mutual respect for differing roles and opinions, then children,parents and practitioners will all benefit. There are a number of basic principles of partnership as defined in the Quality in Diversity in Early Learning (Early Education Forum 1998). Below is a brief summary of these principles and how they can be achieved within a setting or any relationship: * Respect children/adults as individuals regardless of ability, disability, race and religion. Encourage individuals to bring in items from home to inform groups/practitioners about their culture or every day experiences. Personalised transition stages. * Respect cultural differences and beliefs in raising a child and explore these with open and sensitive dialogue. Speak to the parents about their belief systems and how they differ, explore ideas that may not be apparent to them. Self-education regarding differing cultures. * Have a willingness to relate to children and their parents in diverse ways and to share the responsibility of the relationship Home/school agreements. ‘Family plan’ booklets. Agreed aims and objectives and clear outcome indicators. * Respect parents in their decisions. Set up good communication methods ie. communication book. Set up parent councils for settings. Regular feed back questionnaires. * Commit to communicate regularly and in as many languages as needed. Translators. Literature in differing languages. Parent notice boards. Newsletters. * Commit to listen to parental views and take their concerns into account Regular meetings and open communication. Feedback questionnaires. Parent days. * Clear communication about the ways in which parents can contribute to their child’s education and improve the quality of the setting at home as well as outside. Offering parenting groups (i. e. PEEP) Parenting courses (i. e. literature and numeracy) * Clear communication channels between parent and practitioner to share knowledge. Communication book, being approachable and listening. Acting on the parents suggestion. Discussing aims and outcomes. * Clear procedures to support parents becoming involved in the management and day to day life of their children in various settings. Home/school agreements. Parent consultation days. Parent workshops. Open access. Partnership is not a relationship that can develop quickly and naturally; it requires time, effort and skill. It also follows that an effective partnership may not be possible in all cases or at all times; it depends upon what the participants bring to the situation, and some may not want or be able to work with others in this way. The better the partnership between the parent and practitioner the easier it will become to achieve agreed outcomes. Parents will be more in control and motivated and will understand what is expected of them in their role as partner. In sharing the process the parent will feel more empowered and is more likely to draw on lessons learnt in times of future difficulty. Their trust of professionals will also be reinforced and they are more likely to ask for help in other aspects of their lives.

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

Oil and gas production, drilling, and trading is a big issue in the United States. Currently, much of the oil we use comes from foreign sources. Many argue that we should reduce foreign oil dependency by reducing our consumption and by drilling for oil right here in the U. S. For approximately forty years, a debate has been brewing about oil exploration and drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) is 19,000,000 acres of land in northern Alaska, a U. S. state. It is the largest protected wilderness in the United States and was created by Congress under the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA) of 1980†³ (Wikipedia Foundation, Inc) More specifically, within the ANWR, a 1,500,000 acre area located between the Beaufort Sea(northern border), Brooks Range (southern border), and the Prudhoe Bay (western border) is the center of controversy. This area is commonly referred to as section 1002 because when the ANILCA was created, in section 1002 of the document, the decision of how to manage oil and gas exploration and development for this area was tabled. Wikipedia Foundation, Inc. ) There are various opinions with points for and against oil drilling in the ANWR's section 1002. At this point, I am against it. I recently read a quote by U. S. , President, Barak Obama in Wikipedia. It states, â€Å"In a League of Conservation Voters questionnaire, Obama said, â€Å"I strongly reject drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge because it would irreversibly damage a protected national wildlife refuge without creating sufficient oil supplies to meaningfully affect the global market price or have a discernible impact on US energy security. † (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc)I have to say, I agree with President Obama 100%. This area is true wilderness. According to the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, it is the most diverse ecosystem in northern Alaska. It is home to many Native Indian tribes, a l arge population of porcupine caribou, some large whales, and other smaller animals not popular elsewhere. Not to mention, it is on the coastal line of Alaska, which opens it up huge varieties of marine life and migrating birds from all over. Many people don't realize that oil drilling is big business. It will not only require oil drilling equipment and stations, but there will be roads, airports, housing, shopping, etc.This means much of the land will forever be affected. Many animal habitats and natural migratory and breeding patterns may be disrupted. The air and water will be polluted from vehicle traffic, the oil drilling itself, and many other human behaviors. Human waste will need to be dealt with. You name it, it will be a problem. Another concern is the potential for accidental pollution. As a matter of fact, in 1989, there was a bill on the table and it looked like it might make it through the Senate, to allow the drilling, when the infamous Exxon Valdez oil spill occurred in Prince William Sound, Alaska.It was the largest spill of its kind where 260,000 to 750,000 barrels of crude oil spilled out of the tanker and into the surrounding waters, killing and injuring countless wildlife and destroying their habitats. (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc) Lastly, experts are not even sure how much oil is even there. A U. S. Geological Survey published in 1998 stated there was between 5. 7 billion barrels to 16 billion barrels of recoverable oil and natural gas liquids the ANWR's coastal plain area. As compared to an estimated 120 billion in the rest of the U. S.It is estimated that drilling in area 1002 would amount to about 1% world oil production by the year 2030. (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc) This would create such a small impact on the products and services generated at the end user level. In other words, the rich oil investors will get richer and people like me will be no better off. The benefits do not outweigh the risks. I say not to drilling in the ANWR! Works Cited Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Arctic Refuge drilling controversy. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Ed. 7 September 2012. Web. en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Arctic_Refuge_drilling_controversy. 30 September 2012.

Relationship Between Critical Thinking and Decision Making Essay

In the corporate environment critical decisions must be made, sometimes quickly, whether because of changes in market conditions, corporate profits, or corporate performances. The decision-making process is vital to good management in today’s work environment. This paper will examine the relationship between critical thinking and the decision making process, explain what the textbook authors believe, and relate how both apply to today’s workplace. Critical thinking involves the ability to weigh evidence, examine arguments, and construct rational bases for generally accepted beliefs. In order to establish a theoretical basis for studying critical thinking, a great quantity of research has been done. Critical thinking is not only the ability to reason and construct arguments, but also the ability to examine the reasoning processes involved and being able to evaluate their appropriateness and effectiveness. This â€Å"judgment† aspect is what makes critical thinking more than just problem solving. It is not sufficient to be able to apply problem-solving strategies to a particular problem; a true critical thinker must be able to choose appropriate strategies and even create new ones when necessary. In dealing with most complex problems in today’s work environment, there may be more than one good answer to a problem. The question then becomes one of picking the best answer; this is called decision-making. Weighing the consequences of these possible solutions based on our understanding of their potential outcomes is the job of the manager. A good manager does not distinguish between â€Å"critical thinking† and â€Å"decision-making† when working. He uses both to arrive at a solution. It is only when analyzing how to come to a specific decision that he must employ critical thinking skills so that he does not allow personal prejudices, emotions, or stress to affect his thinking processes. According to the authors of Whatever It Takes – The Realities of Managerial Decision Making, the six steps to critical thinking and decision making are:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"1) a problem is defined and isolated, 2) information is gathered, 3) alternatives are set forth, 4) an end is established, 5) means are created to achieve the end, and 6) a choice is made.† The authors say when applied in today’s business environment, the six steps are mostly ineffective because â€Å"executive decision-making is not a series of single linier acts.† It is the interference of many other factors (such as murky information, poor information input, and multiple problems intersecting) that makes scientific study of real-life decision-making difficult. (McCall & Kaplan, 1990, pg xvii – xviii) Therefore, the authors suggest case study and specific dissection of past decisions is the best way to learn how to make future decisions. In my field of work (currently training of teaching personnel), decisions must be made as to time management, importance of curriculum vs. methodology, and allocation of skill acquisition importance. In addition, two corporations are my superiors; each with different hierarchies as to who tells me which jobs should be done. My decisions, therefore, must not only be politically correct, but must be ones that make the most people happy. When three different departments from three different divisions ask me to begin a project, someone has to be told to wait. It is at times like these that critical thinking becomes important to justify my decisions when responding to their requests. Critical thinking is used both to justify my decisions and to clarify my thinking. Reference McCall, M. W., & Kaplan, R. E. (1990). Whatever It Takes – The Realities of Managerial Decision Making (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

The American Mideast Leadership Network Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The American Mideast Leadership Network - Essay Example George W. Bush, in his second inaugural address, stressed that "it is the policy of the United States to seek and support the growth of democratic movements and institutions in every nation and culture, with the ultimate goal of ending tyranny in our world" (qtd. in Lowenkron, 2006: np). While these policies may sound familiar, almost boilerplate in some respects, it is the increasing interest in and overt support of many non-governmental organizations that merits attention. For instance, in his remarks to the American Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Barry F. Lowenkron, the Assistant Secretary for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, stated, regarding President Bush's desire to end tyranny in the world, that "The work of NGOs is crucial to reaching that goal" (Lowenkron, 2006: np). It is this nuance, the interposition of non-governmental organizations, that indicates a growing trend in international relations. ... s; for example, they report and publicize facts otherwise not known about civil societies, they lobby and protest, and they sponsor educational conferences and debates. Non-governmental organizations deal with health issues, environmental concerns, education, humanitarian relief operations, and the protection of fundamental rights and liberties. They are, in short, free of many of the constraints faced by state actors and increasingly well-funded and supported. This trend, from a western perspective, has been emphasized by one leading scholar in the field: NGOs in this context appear as missionaries of the good word about the marriage of convenience between the free market and democratic elections, and the virtues of social democratic action in the spaces available within the power structure as opposed to direct action against it. In this context, the NGOs are enlisted by official development agencies (ODAs) and governments as partners in the process of "sustainable human development" and "good [democratic] governance"-as watchdogs of state deviancy, as interlocutors and participants in the formulation of public policy, and guarantors of its transparency to inhibit or prevent corruption and rentierism (Veltmeyer, 2005: 90). In the final analysis, non-governmental organizations are increasingly thought to be able to accomplish goals traditionally associated with more traditional state and multinational actors. One example of a non-governmental organization doing such work is the American Mideast Leadership Network. American Mideast Leadership Network Incorporated as a section 501(c)(3) non-profit organization under the Internal Revenue Code, the American Mideast Leadership Network is dedicated to the creation of educational and cultural exchanges (American

Negotiation Styel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Negotiation Styel - Essay Example An initial understanding of the GLOBE is essential in identifying basic differences and similarities in both cultures, in order to minimise any areas of potential miscommunication; the negotiation styles of Canadians will also form the scope of this report. The globe study is based upon the data, collected data from 62 countries and spanned a period of eleven years. (Eunson, 2008). The detailed research involving 170 researchers from countries across the globe identified the diversity of prevailing cultural norms across various nations and their influence on business and leadership styles. The study has developed a useful framework for understanding the differences and hence bringing people closer. The criteria for undertaking this research was based upon 9 variables called cultural dimensions. These nine dimensions are Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, Humane Orientation, Collectivism I (Institutional), Collectivism II (In-Group), Assertiveness, Gender Egalitarianism, Performance Orientation and Future orientation (Requejo and Graham, 2008). The research delineated the total of 62 countries into 3 clusters; namely the Anglo culture, which comprises of English speaking countries like Canada, USA, Australia, the Southern Asian Cluster comprising of developing countries like Indonesia, India, Philippines etc. and the Confucian Asia culture comprising Singapore, Japan, Taiwan, etc (Javidan, and Dastmalchian, 2009). Since both Canada and Australia belong to the Anglo cultural cluster of the GLOBE study, they share many similarities. The countries in this cluster scored very high on power distance, i.e. an extent to which a community accepts and expects power discriminations. Also the score for performance orientation, described as the level of encouragement people of group displays for upgrading performance (Javidan, and Dastmalchian, 2009), is

Developing Successful Business Teams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Developing Successful Business Teams - Essay Example Therefore, the organisations in the present business world often emphasise and promote adequate cooperation among the team members to efficiently attain their desired goals and objectives as per the planning. Moreover, the firms also seek to promote credibility of the workforce and emphasise on adequate and effective communication processes among the members in order to obtain greater control and productivity of the organisation (Mickan & Rodger, 2000). Emphasising upon the emerging competition and striving performance of the marketers, the major objective of this report is to demonstrate and understand the primary features of a successful business team. Thus, the discussion of this report will be focused on highlighting and analysing the major traits along with explaining the major phases to improve the performance of a success business team. Additionally, the paper will also focus on assessing the monitoring processes which can enable the organisation to attain greater efficiency of a successful team. 2. The Features of Successful Business Team Defining the major characteristics of a successful business team always constitutes a broad consensus which represents a large number of attributes to enhance the level of efficiency within the workforce or staff members. A successful business team comprises a large number of attributes which accumulatively facilitates the organisation to proactively perform its each operation with clarity and efficiency. Understanding the ultimate goals of the team and the organisation on the whole is one of the fundamental characteristics of an effective and successful team. In this regard, the team members should be highly aware to prioritise the ultimate aim of the team which can generate adequate capability to achieve the stipulated goals as planned for the benefits of the organisation.... Additionally, the paper will also focus on assessing the monitoring processes which can enable the organisation to attain greater efficiency of a successful team. 2. The Features of Successful Business Team Defining the major characteristics of a successful business team always constitutes a broad consensus which represents a large number of attributes to enhance the level of efficiency within the workforce or staff members. A successful business team comprises a large number of attributes which accumulatively facilitates the organisation to proactively perform its each operation with clarity and efficiency. 2.1 Characteristics of a Successful Business Team a. Understanding the Team Goals Understanding the ultimate goals of the team and the organisation on the whole is one of the fundamental characteristics of an effective and successful team. In this regard, the team members should be highly aware to prioritise the ultimate aim of the team which can generate adequate capability to a chieve the stipulated goals as planned for the benefits of the organisation. b. Commitment Commitment towards complying with a common philosophy through sharing value to each member of the team can also efficiently attain the ultimate desires of the organisation. Moreover, it can also empower the members to increase their productivity substantially. c. Recognising Roles and Responsibilities It is also important for the members of a successful team to clearly identify their respective roles and responsibilities within the organisation. This particular factor tends to enhance the overall capability of the organisation in terms of accomplishing each task within the specified time in an adequate

Development of Energy Derivatives in Risk Management Essay

Development of Energy Derivatives in Risk Management - Essay Example An off-shoot of this transfiguration is augmented market fluctuation which has resulted in an equivalent increase in demand for risk management products. This requirement is mirrored in the development of financial derivatives ranging from the harmonized futures and options products to the wide spectrum of over-the-counter or OTC products as offered. Financial risks may be construed as the risks to an organization which crop up as a result of price vacillations, either directly or indirectly, influencing the value of a company (Sprcic, 2007). A fusion of greater deregulation, international competition, interest rates, and foreign exchange rate fluctuation, along with commodity price suspensions, and hoisted corporate concerns, have resulted in increased significance of financial risk management in the years that trailed. ... interest rate confrontation, the way and limit of managing such risks has frequently witnessed a major role in the success or failure of a business. As a result, we can discuss that financial risk management is one of the most significant corporate operations for the reason that it contributes to the actualization of the primary target of the company, which is stock-holder wealth maximization (Sprcic, 2007). It is possible to conduct financial risk management in two unique manners. On one hand, the first approach can be the employment of a diversification approach in the assortment of businesses that are operated by the corporation. On the other hand, the second approach can be the corporation's involvement in financial transactions. In the case of such diversification, which has been one of the most prominent tools of risk management, firms which are basically concerned about the fluctuations of their earnings, have switched to the financial markets. This is solely because of the reason that the financial markets have embellished more straight approaches to risk management which excel the requirement to straightway invest in actions which help in the alleviation of instabilities. The errand of financial risk management has been provided by the increasing accessibility of an assortment of derivative implements in order to shift financial price risks to other worthy parties which are capa ble of benefiting from it. 2. Literature Review 2.1 Introduction to Derivatives Prior to the accurate development of derivatives markets, the

School bullying Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

School bullying - Essay Example In the context of schools, it encompasses the uncalled for aggression directed towards the weaker students by the seemingly big and stronger students. In the recent past, there has been an increase in public reaction by the American concerning the question of bullying schools. This was occasioned by the fact that bullying traumatizing students to the extent where they would not wish to attend school any more. Therefore, it is prudent and imperative for the society as a whole to face and tackle the problem of bullying once and for all. There are different types of intimidation, harassment or bullying namely physical, emotional and verbal bullying. Physical bullying includes instances when the bully hit the other student, verbal bullying is when a person bad mouths another with the intention of hurting them (Einarsen et al, 9). Emotional bullying on its part is where the bully discriminates and marginalizes another person on the basis of any narrow societal definition such negative stereotypes, race amongst others. Conventionally, one would expect that students are the bullies against fellow students, however, the reality is a lot different. Parents and teachers are equally culpable of being bullies. At the long end, the younger person being bullied becomes hurt and would have a lower self-esteem since the people who are expected to offer solace turn out to be bullies themselves.

Economics and Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Economics and Psychology - Essay Example Evidence also proved that offers rejected when they came from a person would be accepted if they were generated by a computer. The assumption of rationality is not completely true as people do not always make rational decisions. In economics, rationality is understood to be an approximation with hope that departures from rationality are rare. Some economists have argued that some deviations from rational do not matter (Akerlof & Yellen 1985). Psychology have challenged the assumption of rationality which is the basis of economic subjective utility. The concepts of bounded rationality was introduced in an attempt to formulate a theory of rational choice (Simon 1955). Economists predict the behavior of agents by assuming that they have stable, well-defined preferences and they make rational choices in consistence with preferences of the markets. Loewenstein & Thaler (1989) present a number of anomalies within empirical results which are difficult to rationalize. Economic theory makes exact prediction of the discount rate of money people should apply utilizing the after-tax market value of interest. High discount rates are experienced in some contexts and by some groups which raises questions concerning the rationality of consumers. Economic theories of individual behavior are vague and un-testable. Intertemporal decisions are related to the spread of costs and benefits over time. The rationality of many intertemporal decisions especially individual and self-control choices are challenged. Psychology of intertemporal choice complicated the question of selecting the proper social rate of discount. Standard computation of discount rate is determined by the standard rate of interest adjusted for tax distortions. Adjusting tax distortion is complicated by the internalization of capital markets. It is suggested to determine time preferences at the individual level to avoid these complications. The individual rate should be consistent across all individual belongings. Economists do not agree with the psychology of decision making. Evidence from psychological research proved that individuals did not follow rational choices. However, psychologists did not provide means to incorporate these findings in economic models. However, psychologists affect and benefits economic theories in a number of other cases. For example, in the case of wave profiling, psychology experimented and observed that people care about changes in wages in addition to absolute values of their wages. This could affect the profile of increasing wages in addition to the discount of the future. In this example, psychology suggested modification to the utility function of wage determination. Psychology provided testable assumptions which are supported by experimental evidence. Smith, V. (1991). Rational Choice: The contrast between Economics and Psychology, Journal of Political Economy, vol. 99. No. 4., University of Chicago Press. Smith (1991) examined the contest between economic theory and evidence from psychology with respect to experimental economics. He argued that rational choice is a combination of both rationalists from psychology and behavioralist from economics. Smith

How And Why Do NGOs Attempt to Scale up Their Development Efforts Essay

How And Why Do NGOs Attempt to Scale up Their Development Efforts - Essay Example This report stresses that twentieth century globalization gave NGO’s a whole new lease because many problems arose that could not be solved within a nation. International treaties and organizations such as World Trade Organization were considered biased towards capitalist interests. NGOs lay emphasis on humanitarian issues, developmental aid and sustainable development which helped in counterbalancing the capitalist trend. A prominent example of this is the World Social Forum, a rival convention to the World Economic Forum held annually in Davos, Switzerland. The fifth World Social Forum in Porto Alagre, Brazil, in January 2005 was attended by representatives from more than 1,000 NGOs. This article makes a conclusion that in the era of information technology, individuals and organizations serving community interests are challenged to incorporate new skills and strategies to scale-up their impact in response to social challenges. In an increasingly interconnected and information-intensive environment, strategically managing information and value systems is rapidly becoming as important as sound financial management to an organization's effectiveness and sustainability. A firm value system helps Visioning and valuation-facilitating the development of organization-wide commitment to enhanced communications and Communications planning to construct innovative and appropriate organizational strategies which aids in Fostering internal and external networking.

Difference between a School and University Essay Example for Free

Difference between a School and University Essay There are many inevitable changes and transformations that a person can experience all throughout his/her life. Having a really good education is one of the greatest gifts that parents can give to their children. Moreover, entering a university is already an opportunity these days. In my case, I have given the chance to enter a university that helped me practiced my academic freedom and at the same, understanding my needs. There are many differences that occur during a high school education and a college education. I came from a private high school that mostly speaks Spanish. All of my classes are in Spanish and majority of the students came from the same culture. There is almost no diversity in terms of people, culture and language. But more than that, a very distinct rule that was implemented in our high school is regarding the grading system. Teachers and parents have a very strong relationship that is why, they were able to control over school time and the way classes should be handled and if a student misses on any of her assignments, she can easily have a make up exam. Since the school was private, there was an air of exclusivity amongst the school grounds and it was regarded dearly. When I entered the university, there were many changes that took place. It was very shocking at first but I have to cope up with it. First of all, the university that I attended to was public and all the classes were taught in English. Moreover, in high school, the student body does not partake in more important matters about the school whereas in college, the student body does not take part in school matters but it is also highly respected. And since it is a public university, it was filled with different people from various cultures and places. Another difference that I experienced in college is the fact that parents do not have a strong authority over the school so they are not involved in the management of classes and time. Because of this situation, they cannot just access the grades of the students and if they want to, they still have to ask permission from the student. Lastly, missed exams are hard to get so you really have to manage your time and study very hard. Along with the decision to go into a public university are the transformations and changes that I was obliged to adapt to. In high school, I was highly dependent on my parents for my primary needs but since stepping into college, I was made to watch over me. I am no longer dependent on my parents for my needs; I should now work for them. But the real challenge that I faced was handling my time between being a wife and a mother and being a student. It is a very time consuming and tiring responsibility but I am happy to say that I am handling it very well. The changes and challenges that I faced from high school through college is one of the most memorable experiences in my entire life. Admittedly, it was really shocking at first but I learned to cope up with it. The fact that I am now in an environment that is filled with very different people means that I should learn to have a hard face in dealing with their moods and personalities. Moreover, since I am now a family person, the biggest challenge that life posted on me was how to balance my time so that I will excel in both aspects. With this realization in mind, I learned to manage my time very well and at the same time, keeping track of my family. I learned to become a different woman. I discovered new talents and potentials that I never thought I had. Going to college opened my eyes to different views and opportunities in life. More than that, I consider this to be a great achievement because there are only few people who can excel in academics and at the same time, a full woman.

Organizational Risks & Mitigation Methods Essay Example for Free

Organizational Risks Mitigation Methods Essay As per our discussion last week I’ve prepared this memo that outlines the risks that CWTI faces and methods of mitigation for those risks. The goal of this exercise is to have a starting point for establishing a risk management process within CWTI. Below I’ve identified risks and provided suggested methods of mitigation for each. I’d like to point out that while most of these risks have more than one potential mitigation method, I chose to present the method I believe would be most successful for CWTI. 1.)Risk of fluctuation in foreign exchange rates –USD receivables Mitigate using control method ie. forward contracts, hedging etc. 2.)Risk of fluctuation in interest rates – USD loan Mitigate using control method ie. forward contracts, hedging etc. 3.)Risk of supply shortage/delay due to truck breakdowns Mitigate using diversification ie. Have alternative options of transportation readily available 4.)Risk of losing major customer Mitigate using diversification ie. Try to gain other customers in need of timber 5.)Risk of losing timber licenses Mitigate using control technique ie. Establish strong internal controls regarding the requirement to clear and replant and ensure to measure controls. 6.)Risk of non-compliance with national stock exchange requirements Mitigate using control technique ie. Establish strong internal controls regarding compliance requirements for stock exchange. 7.)Risk of inventory shrinkage due to theft, damage Mitigate using sharing/transferring technique ie. Purchase insurance for buildup of inventory 8.)Risk of supply delay if sawmill equipment goes down, staff turnover/lack of skilled staff Mitigate using diversification technique ie. Have alternative options of production in the event either of these occur 9.)Risk of delay/damage/lost shipment to overseas market Mitigate using sharing/transferring technique ie. Purchase additional insurance that would cover this 10.) Risk of timber market/supply – what if something happens to forest? Fire, bug infestation Mitigate using diversification ie. Find other supplies of timber 11.) Risk of reputation – environmental groups if CWTI doesn’t live up to the clearing/replanting requirement Mitigate using control ie. Establish strong internal controls to ensure all clearing/replanting requirements are being fulfilled. 12.) Risk of not meeting financial obligations due to delayed/infrequent receivables – CWTI operates year round but majority of payment only gets received around December January (based on 60/90 day terms) Mitigate using diversification ie. Find more new customers that require timber throughout the year to balance the cash flow. We can further discuss other mitigation methods should you please. I look forward to your feedback.

Newspaper Coverage Of Celebrity Crimes Media Essay

Newspaper Coverage Of Celebrity Crimes Media Essay Media has a significant influence on people and so do the celebrities. These effects can be both positive and negative. The kind of coverage of celebrities and celebrity crimes by newspapers and magazines can influence the opinion of the public on the celebrity criminals. This kind of influence can be greatly attributed to the process by which the news about celebrity criminals is evaluated and presented for the readers to analyse. This paper is going to look at the effects of the print-media coverage of celebrity criminals which could be biased or unbiased and its influence on the public accordingly, thus questioning media credibility. Introduction My interest in traditional form of media i.e., the newspapers has always been deeper than the other forms of media. Also, I believe that news in the newspapers is better evaluated and helps to form a strong opinion about issues and events that occur globally. This interest in understanding the impact of newspapers on public opinion developed even further when I read about coverage of celebrity crimes. The manner in which news is presented in the newspapers whether it is about national or international celebrity crimes is something that caught my interest. In addition to this, my interaction with people of different ages and status regarding celebrity criminals considerably inspired me to choose this topic for my research. Prosperity of both science and culture has made people familiar with supply of information in abundance. Modern media, such as the internet, mobile phones, television and the traditional media such as newspapers and magazines make news and variety of information easily accessible to us. However, the most common form of news is that about the celebrities and public figures. It has become very evident in the recent times that media pays too much attention to the personal lives of the celebrities (popular figures). Addition to this, the important factor is that most of the reports on lives of famous people are always focused on brilliant achievements, lavish lifestyles and exaggerated enjoyments which overstate the attractive part and understate the painstaking part. Therefore, the masses especially young people are often biased and tend to perceive celebrities as their idols. They happen to adore their idols with such passion and zeal that the amount of negative news and information about celebrities can even change their perception towards life. The extent and quality of celebrity news in the media appears especially inordinate today, multiplying and intensifying at such a rate that legitimate news has fallen in precedence (Brown, 31). Whether it likes it or not, the public knows more about Britney Spears and how many pills she swallowed than about many political issues (Wright, 1). It is a known fact that in India we treat celebrities no less than god. And the Indian media being very well aware of this fact ensures that celebs and celebrity crimes get a lot of coverage so as to garner attention of the masses. In this process of covering celebrity related news, media tends to sensationalize the stories, often focusing on irrelevant details about celebrities instead of the main crime that has taken place. This research informs about the news coverage of celebrity crimes, the faith of public on media (print media) and the manner in which the presentation of such news coverage influences their opinion. In this vein, analyzing the content presented by newspapers, as well as celebrity-news magazines, offered the clearest method by which to examine how news on celebrity crimes is covered and publicized. Researching articles on the major, relevant topics of media ethics, the role of celebrity news in Indian society and credibility of media was instrumental in gaining a better understanding of the subject matter. More emphasis was placed on researching relevant topics, as it is difficult if not impossible to determine the exact effects of media coverage of celebrity criminals through a study or direct observation. One can constantly see and read about celebrity crimes, however the influence of such news on public opinion is what really matters. Through analysing media coverage of celebrity criminals, especially the print media with the help of several  examples  of celebrity crimes will enhance the objective of this research paper. The purpose of this  research proposal  is to s ee if media coverage of celebrity-crimes is biased and how this changes peoples opinion and perception on celebrities, thus questioning medias credibility. Articles and news reports covered by various newspapers (both English and regional), on the crimes committed by celebrities like Sanjay Dutt, Salman Khan, Shiney Ahuja, Saif Ali khan and many more were looked upon in this research paper. Also a survey was conducted to understand the effects of newspaper coverage of celebrity crimes and how it influences opinions of the public. The survey acts as a supplement to the newspaper articles that were analyzed to gain a better understanding of the objective of this research paper. The literature review provides Literature Review To understand the influence on the people of the portrayal of celebrity-criminals by media, it is important to understand the terms celebrity, crime, media bias and public opinion. These terms may not be connected with each other directly; however the understanding of these together would contribute in assessing the study of this paper. Celebrity The word celebrity is derived from the word celebrate, in that a person is supposedly famous because the community celebrates him or her (Rockwell, 20). The term celebrity indicates someone whose fame rests overwhelmingly on what happens outside the sphere of their work and who is famous for having lifestyle. The celebrity is thus constructed through gossip, press and television reports, magazine articles and public relations (Redmond Holmes, 99). Public Opinion Commonly the concept of public opinion is taken literally to mean the opinion of the public. While this is not incorrect, it constitutes a rather naÃÆ' ¯ve understanding of the concept. A more sophisticated conception must acknowledge the element of publicity in public opinion: public opinion as distinguished from private opinion. Indeed public opinion is a shared aggregate phenomenon. It is a collective social entity, and publicity is necessary for its formation. It is the knowledge of the very existence of others who share values, beliefs and concerns that forges a host of discrete opinions into a viable social entity (Shamir, 1). Based on these factors there have been researches that explain how biased media-coverage plays a crucial role in forming biased public-opinion. Media has a fixed agenda of providing certain news in a certain manner so that it is perceived in the manner that print media wants it to be perceived as by the people. Through their day-by-day selection and display of the news, editors and news directors focus our attention and influence our perceptions of what are the most important issues of the day. This ability to influence the salience of topics on the public agenda has come to be called the agenda setting role of the news media (McCombs, 1). This theory of agenda setting is applied by the media and describes a very powerful influence of media its ability to tell people what issues are important. It explains the correlation between media and people the rate at which media covers a story and the extent that people think this story is important. Studies into the agenda-setting function of the press confirm that media have a great deal of influence upon political decision making and that they are especially influential in telling the general population what to think about (Kuypers, 5).   The media tends to be biased whenever it provides flawed or irrelevant facts to support a certain viewpoint. It is also biased when it frames certain issues in a particular manner. Such framing is done so that the issue is perceived in a particular way. According to many scholars our perception of a certain issue is more or less dependent on the way the issue is framed (Kuypers, 7). There are millions of events that occur globally in todays world. And to examine these events and report about them there are thousands of people around the world who are employed by media organizations. The media decides and tells us which issues are important and which ones or not. We have never physically witnessed the war situations of Afghanistan, Iraq or even Kashmir. Despite this we have the pictures of these events in our heads. The media reports inform about the latest events and issues that are taking place in the world and are inaccessible to us. Thus, most of our perceptions about the world are based on the second-hand reality created by the media organizations. There is no guarantee that this reality is an accurate picture of the world (Saqib Riaz, 1). This explains how gate-keeping is done by the media, wherein it chooses the newsworthiness of certain news and evaluates it based on a variety of reasons and preferences. The aspects of a certain event that are covered in the news and the kind of importance that is given to these aspects leads to significant differences in peoples perception of that event. The portrayal of news stories results in the peoples understanding of the journalists consideration of important issues and who the most prominent public figures of the day are. Thus from the details of the coverage of news stories and their evaluation by the media helps the public form their perception of these news stories and the public figures (McCombs, 7-8). Thus from the above literature it is evident that public opinion is formed on the basis of the kind of information that media prioritizes and later provides to the public. The media does set the agenda of what is discussed around the world on a daily basis. It chooses stories that are reviewed by the public regularly. Not many people seem to be aware that the stories they read are picked by the media organizations before getting printed. The impact of someone selecting the news stories for the masses to read can be positive as well as negative. Therefore, even when crimes committed by celebrities are covered by the media, it tries to change peoples opinion depending upon a positive or a negative coverage of that particular news. Media can manipulate news using a variety of strategies that can alter peoples perception. It can navigate their audience through what it feels is potent and viable concerning topics specifically related to celebrity crimes. The aspects that contribute in the assessment of opinions of the public are the audiences of the media, their lifestyle, interests and their level of sophistication. Nevertheless, there are many other dependent variables that create a different representation of truth. And through this, media has the power to influence peoples point of view. 2.1 Media and Celebrities Usually news about celebrities is considered to be soft news (entertainment) unless a crime has been committed by a celebrity. Media today places a lot of importance to celebrity news. Reports of soft news outweigh the amount of hard news that gets reported in todays mass media including the traditional media i.e., the newspapers and magazines. According to Bennett (2007), some of factors affecting the increase of soft news include the economics of the news business, journalists dependence on sources who control information, routine news-gathering practices, professional norms and a need to fill the news hole that has been created by 24/7 news coverage. Celebrity focused, soft news tends to be quick and easy to report about. Additionally, such stories have proven to be popular among audiences and are easy to dramatize. Celebrity stories may also serve the uses and gratifications of many audience members. Bennett (2007) suggests that in addition to learning, many viewers use news to satisfy their needs for curiosity and surveillance, entertainment and escape, and social and psychological adjustment. With the advent of the Web and the Internet, increasing numbers of citizens turn to alternative information channels that deliver politically packaged information in a format better integrated with personal interests and various citizen-action options (Bennett, 2007). This statement is valid not only for politics but all kinds of news information. There are websites, magazines, newspapers, television stations, etc. to suit every different need and people have the choice to visit only the ones that interest them. Therefore, the shift seen in news coverage from informative to entertaining cannot be blamed solely on the media. Celebrities become products and are endowed with expertise outside of their celebrated areas (West Orman, 2003: 118). The celebrity culture today expects that stars be spokespersons for all kinds of issues, as well as bear the responsibility for issues that are problematic. This power is not derived from within these stars, but rather from the audiences interest in them. Celebrities are expected by many to be shining examples of model citizens, yet their good deeds like activism are overlooked in favour of scandalous, dramatic, negative reports about them (Amanda Jones, 2009: 8). This sheds light on how media portrays celebrities. There are times when media will provide sensationalized news about celebrities to garner attention and increase readership. Journalist Caspar Llewellyn-Smith makes this point when he states that the guiding principle of celebrity gossip magazines is to show famous figures off-guard, unkempt, unready and unsanitized (Llewellyn-Smith, 2002: 120, cited in Holmes, 2005: 23) (Holmes Redmond, 2006: 184). According to McCrackens findings, the mass media are, in effect, making a concerted effort to provide unflattering coverage of celebrity personalities. It is these kinds of news stories that are increasingly present in our every day mass media outlets. Such stories provide the drama and sensationalism that media consumers are looking for (2009: 311). The above literature explains that media often portrays the celebrities negatively by presenting sensational news about them. The news coverage on celebrities and celebrity crimes done by the media is negative often to create drama and stir the publics interest. 2.2 Media Coverage of Celebrity Crimes The role of the press is to educate and create awareness amongst the masses, however in the recent times it seems to have switched this role with that of entertainment. Instead of focusing on the details of the crimes committed by the celebrities, media tends to divert the attention to the celebrities lives and sensationalizes the news about them. In covering the most titillating or personal aspects of a story, present-day coverage often trivializes more important structural and procedural issues. During the 2005 Michael Jackson molestation trial, the Los Angeles Times, which ran approximately 317 stories on the case, printed only two pieces focusing on the crucial new California statute that allowed prosecutor Tom Sneddon to introduce evidence of past allegations against Jackson. Much of the Times coverage offered almost daily trial updates, which consisted primarily of subjective descriptions of the personal behavior and appearance of the various witnesses and courtroom actors in t he case (Fox et al., 2007: 6).

Disability as Power in the Works of Mary Duffy, Frida Kahlo, and Vassar

What do you do without either of your arms? What do you do for a living constrained to a wheelchair? What do you do without control over your own body? Many people in the world today spend their lives wishing things were not as they were, attempting to forget how they are, or trying to change how they are going to be. When "disabled" people succeed, it is commonly thought that those individuals are amazing for overcoming their disabilities and thriving in life. Is this really what they are doing? The following three women, Mary Duffy, Frieda Kahlo, and Vassar Miller transform their disabilities into the ability to create complex forms of art that force the audience to gain a different perspective on disabilities. Their disabilities become their power. The artists use this power to force their audiences to look at their disabilities in an utterly new way using the "stare and tell" method. These women do not succeed despite their disabilities, but instead succeed because of them . The "stare and tell" is a term that Rosemarie Garland Thomson, a disability studies scholar and writer, has created to explain a method in performance art that forces the audience to look at disabilities in an entirely new light. She states "As a fusion of both seeing and telling, disability performance art foregrounds the body as an object both to be viewed and to be explained." The artist first beckons the audiences to break the social "normative" and forces the audience to stare at the artist?s disability. Once the attention of the audience is solely on the artist and his or her disability, the method then takes on the "tell" aspect and enables the audience to become aware of what exactly the artist has to say in his or her own words. Mary Duff... ...ly amazing affects she had on her audience. Although she died in 1998 at the age of seventy-four, her poetry is still gaining fame and affecting people across the United States. Often, many people do not know of such individuals. If one has heard of them is it most likely in the category of amazing individuals who are able to overcome life?s most challenging obstacles and succeed in ways never imagined. This is just not so. These women do not succeed in spite of their disabilities, but instead succeed because of them. Mary Duffy, Vassar Miller, and Freida Kahlo have all forced their audiences to visually give attention to their disability and thus have challenged societies stereotypical assumptions, whether on stage, in writing, or on a canvas. Their endeavors are summarized in the words of Frieda Kahlo, "Feet, what do I need them for, if I have wings to fly?"

A Child Called It, The Lost Boy and A Man Named Dave Essay -- Dave Pel

For this report, I have read all three of Dave Pelzer's books about his life: A Child Called â€Å"It†, The Lost Boy and A Man Named Dave. A Child Called â€Å"It† chronicles Dave's life as a child, and is told from that viewpoint. From his earliest recollections of a relatively happy life with "the Mommy" to his life and death struggle with "The Mother", this book details the horror of Dave’s dehumanizing existence. Going far beyond â€Å"typical† physical, emotional and psychological abuses, Dave’s story tells of intentional starvation, forced coprophagia, poisoning and much more. This volume covers his life from his earliest memories at age 4 until his rescue at age 12. The Lost Boy picks up the story where the first book leaves off, following Dave through the foster care system until the age of 18. Dave’s navigation through the foster care system is an arduous journey. His sense of survival is strong, but being a foster child is not easy. A Man Named Dave is the final book in the trilogy, covering Dave's life from his enlistment in the Air Force through the present day. From his resolve to be accepted by the Air Force to his almost desperate determination to be a good father to his son, Dave shares with the reader his difficulty adjusting to a â€Å"normal† life. Diversity The Pelzer family was white and middle class. Dave’s father, Stephen, was a firefighter, and his mother, Catherine, was a homemaker. Both parents were alcoholics. They lived in a â€Å"good† neighborhood in a modest home. Until the abuse began, Dave’s life with his parents and brothers was good. In his words, â€Å"Our every whim was fulfilled with love and care† (Pelzer, 1995). The two areas of diversity I recognized in these books are economic status and disability. Because... ...tainable: his mother’s love. Bibliography: Erikson, E. H., (1950). Childhood and Society. New York: Norton. Erikson, E. H., (1968). Identity: Youth and Crisis. New York: Norton. Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and Personality. New York: Harper & Row. Pelzer, D. (1995). A Child Called â€Å"It†. Deerfield Beach, FL: Health Communications, Inc. Pelzer, D. (1997). The Lost Boy. Deerfield Beach, FL: Health Communications, Inc. Pelzer, D. (1999) A Man Named Dave. NY: Penguin Putnam, Inc. Schultz, D. P., & Schultz, S. E. (1987). A History of Modern Psychology. Orlando, FL: Harcourt-Brace. U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. (1979). [Brochure]. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing office. Zastrow, C., & Kirst-Ashman, K. K. (1997). Understanding Human Behavior and the Social Environment. (4th ed.) Chicago: Nelson-Hall Publishers, Inc.

Icon or Symbol: A Teachers Moral Dilemma :: Education Teaching Papers

Icon or Symbol: A Teacher's Moral Dilemma Works Cited Missing It all happened so quickly. One moment I was at my blackboard, the next moment I was between two juvenile males who were trying to prove a "pride point" with their fists. I had, without a conscious thought about it, drawn a crown on the board. Next I heard chairs hitting the floor and screams of profanity. I was called a not-so-nice name by one of my students, followed by his strange comment: "We know who your favorites in this class are." Another student from across the room overturned his chair and, breath coming fast, managed to get out the words "Don't get on her, man. And don't you never mess with the crown! Don't mess with my blood, man!" Then they were at each other's throats and I was between them, not knowing what had happened. I work at a juvenile prison for all male offenders. Quite honestly, I feel as if my students and I speak different languages sometimes. After talking to students and counselors after this incident, I discovered that the crown I had drawn to represent Prince Hamlet of Denmark was interpreted as a gang symbol by the members of my class. By drawing the crown, I had somehow affiliated myself with the Ghetto Boys of Indianapolis. This angered my students who consider themselves members of a rival gang. What would Shakespeare think of such a situation? I guess the real question is what do I think about such a situation and how do I define my role in the classroom? Peirce's theory of signs and his classification from the point of view of the object of the sign (representant) is helpful in understanding this classroom incident. Peirce defined a sign as "anything which is so determined by something else, called its object, and so determines an effect upon a person, which effect I call its interpretant" (Houser 257). In this view, educators use signs all of the time, to interact with students. In fact, in his article "Toward a Peircean Theory," Nathan Houser relates Peirce's belief that "signs are the matter, or the substance of thought" (257). Peirce goes even further to say that life itself "is a train of thought" (Houser 256). In other words, life and signs are "fundamentally related" and unseparable for all humans (Houser 257). As a teacher, I present my students with signs (representants) in hopes of helping them to understand inf ormation.

Comparing Catrin, the Affiction of Margaret, Digging

In both â€Å"Catrin† and â€Å"The affliction of Margaret†, both poets talk about their child who is either changing or has left them. The main difference however is that â€Å"The affection of Maraget† is a narrative while â€Å"Catrin† is written as a first person perceptive. Both poems use the metaphors of chains or ropes to symbolise the relationship between the mother and the child. In â€Å"Catrin† the â€Å"red rope† is used to symbolise the mother and child’s connection. It could mean that rope itself represents their love, and how both Catrin and the mother are spiritually tied by their love. Or the rope could literally mean the umbilical cord which is physically connecting Catrin to her mother at birth, at the beginning of the poem. In other sense the rope could be used represent the conflict for power between Catrin and her mother, it could seen as a Tug of war rope. The word â€Å"red† used in this in this metaphor is ambiguous because the colour â€Å"red† could represents the love between Catrin and her mother that is still there even though Catrin grown up; or it could also represent the anger and frustration between Catrin and her mother for the fight for power. Red is also a warning colour, it could be warning about changes in their relationship, showing that there might be more trouble in the future. However in contrast the â€Å"chains† in â€Å"The affliction of Margaret† symbolise the opposite of the â€Å"rope† in â€Å"Catrin†. It represents the separation between the mother and her son. We can see that mother in poem is feeling a great amount of grief and pain. We can tell that she is in this pain when she says â€Å"thou, worse to me than dead. † This phase emphasis the mother grief, this shows that mother is in a lot pain, and that she feels excluded from the world around her. Through-out the poem you can that tell that mother has a great affection for her son, you can tell this by the repetition of the possessive pronoun â€Å"my†, which normal followed up by â€Å"son. † The repetition of the â€Å"my† emphasise the bond the mother and son have; also it could should that mother feels that it is her problem alone to face. The structure of â€Å"The affliction of Margaret† backs the point that she has in an unstable mind-set. There are 11 paragraphs with very different meanings. They are random statements with no connection between them except, the loss of her son. It looks like the mother has written the first thing that has come to her head. Because there is hardly connection between the paragraphs, it shows she is rapidly thinking of event that might have happened to her son, which highlighting the grief that she feels. In contrast, â€Å"Catrin† is much more ordered than â€Å"The affliction of Margaret†. It has two sections; the first section is the birth of Catrin and second section is an event in Catrin childhood when she wants to skate for an hour more. The ordered structure of poem could symbolise the hospital, a clean and ordered place. It could also symbolise the mother’s control over Catrin. In this poem Catrin’s mum has a lot of authority in Catrin’s life; the most when she is a baby. However we see in second paragraph, when Catrin is older that line length in the paragraph starts to vary more and the structure is more irregular. This could represent the control over Catrin depleting, showing that Catrin is getting more power in their relationship. â€Å"Digging† is a first person perspective poem about the poet breaking free from the family tradition of being a potato farmer. While â€Å"On my first sonne† another first person perspective poem which is about the poet grieving over his death son. I both of these poems the poet has great admiration for their relatives In Digging, Seamus Heaney use simple, colloquial diction through-out digging, to emphasise how easy his father did his job. â€Å"By God, the old man could handle a spade†. This quotation doesn’t only show how simple his father found his job, but also show how the poet aspire to be as talented as his father. The phase â€Å"By god†, is used to describe his describe the talent that his father has; he compares his talent to god. Also like in â€Å"The affliction of Margaret†, there is a repetition of the word â€Å"my†, it show that father and son have good relationship; it also emphasise son admiration for his father. Ben Jonson also uses simple diction in â€Å"On my first Sonne† to emphases the poet grief of losing his son. If you’re grieving, it is difficult to complex vocabulary. Also religious diction is used such â€Å"hope† and â€Å"joy†. The main why these religious word are used, is to fit in with key theme that god has taken his son way from him. However these words are also used to describe what emotions boy gave him; this show much the poet admired and loved the boy, to give him these emotions linked to god The structure of â€Å"On my first Sonne† is very short; it is only 14 lines long, the reason for this, is because the length of the poem is used to symbolise the life of Ben Jonson Jr, it was very short. In the title, the word â€Å"Sonne† is used, this word sound like the word â€Å"sonnet†, which a poem with15 lines, this poem has 14 line, so it is incomplete sonnet, like the poet’s son’s life, it incomplete, lso â€Å"Sonne† has one letter missing to Sonnet, this is other way the poet show how incomplete his son’s life was. Both in â€Å"On first Sonne† and â€Å"Digging† both feel that they done something wrong to the other family member(s). The poet in â€Å"On first Sonne† feels that he has love his boy too much, refers to his love as a â€Å"sinne†. This show that the poet trying to explain his pain, he say constantly through-out the poem, that it is sin to love too much. The poet in â€Å"digging† feels that he has broken the family tradition, but in contrast to â€Å"On first Sonne†, there is an acceptance â€Å"The squat pen rests. I’ll dig with it† This show the poet is proud of his choice of becoming poet, and says that hasn’t broken the tradition, because his is still digging. We see in all these poems that there are closes bonds between the parents and children, we also that separation or disagreement in these relationships can cause confliction and grief between the parents and the children.

Spark’s Message in a Bottle Intro

This section will provide brief description on various significances of the study. To students. The proposed study will aide students facing emotional difficulties such as peer pressure while academically struggling. To teachers. The proposed study will help teachers to have deeper understanding with their students having trauma. With this, teachers will have stronger foundation as guidance of their apprentices. To future researcher. The proposed study will benefit and help the future researcher as this serve as their guide. This would be a key with our economy continually struggling o move ahead.Scopes and Limitations The scope of this study is the breakthrough of an individual in traumatic events in life particularly with the loss of a love one. This provided steps gathered from reliable sources on how to deal with such situations. On the other hand, this study limits with psychological/emotional renewal. Methodology The method used in this study was the descriptive one. It aims to describe and interpret what the topic is. The said method in research writing fitted this study as it involves the elements or interpretation of the meaning or significance of what is described.Also, the technique used by the group was content analysis which can be applied to examine any piece of writing or occurrence of recorded communication. Approach to Literary Criticism The process of descriptive research which goes beyond mere gathering suited as the group made moral, humanistic or affective approach defined closed to â€Å"morality' of literature and to questions of ethical goodness or badness directly affected by the also made in this study as breakdowns concerns personality, inner drives and neurosis. Procedure The researchers, with the procedure of making this study, analyzed first the novel they are to use.They gathered useful resources primarily tackling the problem they are to focus on. The making of a thesis comes next together with the formulation of questions they are to answer in this study. They made an outline from the data they have in hand and started taking notes. Lastly, the group has started the formulation of their paper. Instruments Used The researchers used instruments such as books and internet resources for the study. Articles from reliable magazines and academic papers were also considered by the group. The novel which became the basis of the study was entitled Message in a Bottle written by Nicholas Sparks.

History of Pole Dancing Essay

Pole dancing is a combination of dance and gymnastics that is an increasingly popular form of fitness and dance. Pole dancers use a vertical pole which is either static or spinning, and train in gyms or dedicated dance studios. It’s no secret that pole dancing really started in the strip clubs. But it has evolved into so much more and pole dancing fitness enthusiasts and schools have been working tirelessly to change the perception to one of a legitimate dance style emphasising the acrobatics and strength. Circus influences such as Chinese pole and other aerial arts have helped along the way, moving it away from the erotic environment. Competitions are usually non-sexual and are judged on tricks and transitions rather than sensuality. Rather than just the gyrating and grinding people expect it to be, pole dancing requires an amazing amount of strength, flexibility and cardiovascular endurance, even a five minute routine is extremely tiring! Obviously in clubs, rather than actual tricks, there is a lot of floor-work and other things that are designed to arouse rather than amaze! Pole dancers use upper body and core strength are the most obvious requirements as there are a lot of climbs, spins and inverting the body weight – it often involves a lot of training to get anywhere near an advanced level. Pole dancing as we see it today originated during the depression in America. The traveling entertainment and carnival troupes would go from town to town. In one of the side tents aside from the main show, girls would dance suggestively on a small stage in front of crowds of cheering men. Sound familiar? Pole dancing gradually moved into to bars in the 1950s as burlesque became more popular and then during the 1980s in North America, became pole dancing and the modern striptease. It was only a decade later that a dancer in Canada started teaching pole dancing for fitness to women who weren’t club dancers. In Australia, the first pole dancing studio, Bobbi’s Pole Studio, opened in Sydney in 2004, closely followed by Pole Divas in Melbourne in 2004 and a national competition followed in 2005. Since then there have been dozens of pole dancing schools opening all over Australia and we boast some of the best pole dancers in the world, including multiple Miss Pole Dance World winner, Felix Cane. We do know that there are different styles of pole dancing including Chinese pole, and Mallakhamb (an Indian sport), neither of which have an erotic component and are mainly performed by men, so obviously pole dancing in different forms has developed around the world over time. The Mallakhamb pole is wide, made of wood and has a wooden ball on the top of it. Chinese Pole is usually performed using two poles, between which the men perform gravity defying acrobatics. During a pole dancing fitness class, which are often similar to aerobics or dance classes in their format, students begin with a cardiovascular warm up, use dynamic stretching and strength drills to prepare and then learn a series of tricks, climbs and inverts and often then put them into a dance routine to practice transitions and develop their endurance. One other thing that is often reported by women who have taken up pole dancing for fitness is a feeling of empowerment and increased confidence. Whether this is because of their developing strength, skill, grace or simply a sense of achievement, differs from student to student. Pole dancing now focuses on the fitness, acrobatics and dance performance aspects and competitions are fierce. Some dancers are lean contortion machines whilst some look like they could be body builders in their spare time. Women and men compete on a regular basis around the world in a number of styles, all with absolutely breathtaking performances. Pole dancing has definitely come a long way from the sexy tent pole dancing where it began!

Aldous Huxley Essay

Aldous Huxley captures the effect of the application of scientific methods to procedures in the modern American society to a more substantial degree than ever, recognized by readers of his novel, Brave New World. This portrays a world centered around scientific progress and control. Huxley brings to light the extremity of influence given to Americans by revolutionary science. In an effort to forever improve, society has conformed to many ways of fixing imperfections. From surgeries and medications for honest sicklings to injections for greedy, pretentious abusers, people as a whole have transformed from the good ole days to the fast-paced, materialistic world. While discoveries in science are often for the benefit of society, is it possible that these newfound treasures are actually a preface for rot and ruin? Since most little girls could remember, the only way it seemed plausible to become successful was by living in the body of Cinderella or Barbie or Miss America. As they began to mature, nothing changed. The image remained as a beautiful bag of bones when media and celebrities were constantly thrown in their face. In the past, if they didn’t have â€Å"the look†, they were left hopeless and self-conscious. Thankfully, some idiot decided they would abuse the power of nature and science by providing these girls with an answer to their prayers. Plastic Surgery! What they didn’t account for was the impact. Now, not only were the glamorous allowed to have the image, everyone was-again, reducing the confidence in the female population and encouraging a new friend, bullying. Moreover, it is affecting the mental health of children in this conceited society. Surveys and recent research show that â€Å" Teens view plastic surgery as a way to fit in and look acceptable to friends and peers† (Plastic Surgery). How is it that society has allowed this damage to take place? The original intentions of these different types of surgeries were honest. Science isn’t the one to be held responsible, rather the insecurities of certain

Chaucers Justinus and Placebo

Why do you think Chaucer includes Justinus and a placebo? What is the contribution of the latter discussion to the entire story? There are many factors gathered by the readers to keep the readers away from the characters in the story, especially from the complex and ambiguous series of shots they are seeing. They are all smaller or larger types or allegories. Justinus and Placebo are anthropomorphic allegories representing abstract attributes of good proposals and bad suggestions. It is derived from satirical and contemporary recommendations of the courts. There, there is told the recipient, usually the Prince, how to choose good counselors and avoid compelling their motivation as their own progress. In January, Discussion (1474) between two friends, placebo and Justinas announced that he decided to marry his soul (1400-1405). Now, this so-called controversy has brought about a sarcastic existence that existed since marriage debate, but businessmen - and some commentators - did not f ully know this, and he was one of his goals It is one. Basically speaking, there is no discussion about debate about marriage, and hoolynesse or dotage which is a substitute for merchants in this case includes a distinction without distinction. When placebo praised the decision of January (1478 - 1518), Justinus warned him that he should not hurry to do a tough and dangerous deal (1521 - 65), and they correctly won January The concept of marriage was defined. A sanctified way for men to meet (status). Betting is more like steak than old beef (1420) Like Justinus, as I pointed out already, I cite Bath's wife ironically, but Justinus is not worthy to argue against (1655ff.), But readers like Justinus may think unknown. Institution (1685) - 87) In fact, however, the issue of two blessings in January is a true theological problem in the 14th century. Dante discussed this in the fourth article of De Monarchia and Convivio The most authoritative index of the 13th century is the tradition of Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas and of course also included in his two paradises. Medium, the land of Plugatrio and the land next to it. Indeed, from a traditional theologian's point of view, January stated the problem in the wrong way as he began with an irrational premise - Justin tried to destroy him - the marriage is a perfect Earth We guaranteed happiness The manuscript of Diodorus ceased at the end of the 4th century BC and the surviving sources became very fragmented. For a continuous story, we have to go to the epic of Pompeius Trogus by the later Latin writers Justinus, but his explanation is relatively short, contemporary readers tell us the sequence of events he describes It may confuse. In the absence of a satisfactory continuous record Plutarch 's parallel life provides important insights into some of the most influential figures of the era: Dmitryus, Pirhus, Alatus, Ajis and Clemens. Plutarch has often been pointed out as a biographer, not a historian - but when he wrote his life he examined various modern history.

Cruise ship accomodations and other accomodations of Rio brazil Research Proposal

Cruise ship accomodations and other accomodations of Rio brazil olympic - Research Proposal Example In addition, over two hundred nations take part in various disciplines of the Olympic Games and more than half of the population of the world follows these events, either live or through the media. Nonetheless, the magnitude of the 2016 Olympic Games requires the deliberation of a number of components so as to guarantee the accomplishment of the occasion (Michaelis 2009). The quality and quantity of accommodation will be among the most essential components. Travelers and spectators who intend to attend the 2016 Summer Olympic Games will have access to a number of accommodation facilities. The complete area that is hosting the event has been going through tremendous transformation and a number of modern accommodation facilities have been developed in and around the venue of the games. Moreover, there are numerous accommodation facilities that are scheduled for launching prior to the 2016 Summer Olympic Games. It will be the first time the event will be hosted in South America, and, particularly, Rio de Janeiro (Michaelis 2009). The International Olympic Committee recommended that there be a minimum of forty thousand hotel beds with at least three stars. Judging by the number of accommodation facilities that are either under construction or being renovated, Rio de Janeiro has the capacity to host the travelers and spectators. The 2016 Summer Olympic Games organizers anticipate that the required number of accommodation facilities will be ready for use before the start of the games. A number of accommodation facilities have vowed their assistance, and one can find numerous hotels lined up for erection in the Barra da Tijuca area, close to the Olympic village. Travelers and spectators can look forward to numerous properly-organized accommodation facilities and offers before August 2016 (Michaelis 2009). There are two new magnificent five-star hotels that are supposed to be constructed in

Internal and External Analysis of General Motors Research Paper

Internal and External Analysis of General Motors - Research Paper Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that PESTLE aids in the evaluation of the variables in the external environment that affect the ability of a company to operate efficiently in a certain industry mainly, in the long run. Political: Regulations on the safety and environmental effects of vehicles in the automotive industry are one of the political influents of the external environment. Re-gelation and successful implementation of guidelines on vehicle’s safety and environmental impacts began in 1960 and have increased since then. Economic: the automotive industry is important in the economy through the creation of jobs and being the main user of iron, steel, plastic, vinyl, textiles, rubber, computer chips, and aluminum creating demand and augmenting economic growth. Social: these factors include increased concern for the environment, emphasis on eco-friendly products, and attitudes. The automobile industry produces quality vehicles that provide for esteem and provide for their owners and ensuring esteem and safety. Environmental: challenges of environmental protection in accordance with US Environmental Protection Agency affect the automotive industry. Addressing issues of climate change is one of the main factors that have to be considered by the automotive industry players. So what? According to the PESTLE, there are many things that need to be considered. Being in the automotive industry there are a lot of legal rules and regulation that need to be followed, such as the Automobile Recycling law. The environmental factor also plays a big a part in the automotive industry. Every time a company produces a car they need to address the climate change. All in all the industry provides safe cars and also creates a lot of jobs.

Factors Influencing Internationalization and Entrepreneurial Growth of Research Paper

Factors Influencing Internationalization and Entrepreneurial Growth of Family-Owned Businesses - Research Paper Example firms; Generational Involvement is associated with the level of Entrepreneurial indication in family firms; and, Entrepreneurial Orientation is positively related to the internationalization of family firms. Internationalization is the â€Å"process by which firms both increase their awareness of the direct and indirect influence of international transactions on their future, and establish and conduct transactions with firms in other countries† (Koh, 2010, p.22). As 80% of businesses in US are family owned, it is responsible for 60% of employment. Although a lot of these firms are small in size, still they represent around one-third of Fortune 500 Companies and around thirty five percent of the S&P 500 Industrials. (Blodgett et al, 2012) In most companies around the globe, internationalization is an important challenge which they need to address to make sure they remain competitive in today’s Global Economy. An entry into foreign soil is marked with uncertainty which may require breaking away from traditional and long used manufacturing processes, acquiring new channel partners and exploring avenues for funding. However, internationalization can be more even more challengi ng in family owned businesses, because the entry into foreign markets may require structural changes within the organization and most of these firms are extremely unwilling to lose family control. (Casillas et al, 2013). While family businesses aim for expansion, with exploring new markets, they are faced with the opposite force which is stability in their home market, which is relatively low-risk. (Casillas et al, 2013). Studies that have researched into the want of internationalization of family firms reveal an inclination toward family firms wanting to operate in the traditional markets and seem reluctant to venture into foreign territory. (Koh, 2010). This is not to say that NO family firms have surmounted this challenge, quite a few family firms have ventured into international markets and

Developments in Social Networking Sites Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Developments in Social Networking Sites - Essay Example The initial purpose of these sites, which was to enhance social interactions, has spilled over in a great magnitude and is influencing all aspects of society including politics, economics, environment, and ethics. Moreover, this effect is expanding exponentially due to ongoing research and consistent development of these sites. The terms ‘A web of networks’, ‘Age of Connections’ and ‘Human Web’, all ring familiar as well-known descriptions of this century. These terms however, also ring ironic as simultaneously one can argue that ours is an age of individualization, social fragmentation, and independence. â€Å"The world may never have been freer, but it has also never been so interconnected and interdependent† (Mulgan, pp. 1, 1997). It can be argued that this conflict in evaluation may be partially due to the literal web of networks that is the internet that keeps us interconnected and constantly updated on each other’s lives, whe ther it is through a Tweet or a picture upload on Facebook. Therefore, with mobility of work and fragmentation of lives, social media has developed as a response to a need for contact accounting for its growing momentum of impact. In a standard definition, social media is a type of online media that â€Å"expedites conversation as opposed to traditional media, which delivers content but does not allow readers, viewers, and listeners to participate in the creation or development of the content† (Durham, pp. 1-3, 2011). Instead of people meeting each other and communicating face-to face or even picking up the telephone, people talk to each other on Facebook thus rendering social interactions and relationships empty and superficial and that these sites may be turning us into introverted computer geeks. Dr. Burke however argues as to how social media brings us together despite the criticism. "There's a sense of connection between people that's built through social media. And I th ink that some people who may not feel the ability to do that in a face-to-face way or in a classroom can excel in building some interpersonal relationships though social  media" (Durham, pp.2, 2011). Despite a regulated level of intimacy and depth, one cannot downplay the need and importance of social networking sites. They have arisen in a time when there is a threat to interaction due to time and space. Thus, considering that the social effect of these networking sites is established, the question arises as to how and why these sites continue to influence all other fields of life. Take for example, the London Riots and the central role that Facebook and Twitter played in them. In fact, some newspapers and commentators were quick to blame social networking sites for initiating the riots and gathering the masses by re tweeting pictures of burning cars and encouraging more people in the area. Twitter has developed an option where people by simply typing in #Londonriots could gather scores of information and opinions on the site about the riots (Williams, 2011). Such a mob mentality on a virtual level shows how social media has savvied politics. Another blatant example of the connection between social media and politics comes from Philippines in 2001 during the impeachment trial of President Estrada. â€Å"Less than two hours after the announcement of the decision, crowds of enraged Filipinos gathered on Epifanio de los Santos Avenue. On a large basis, text messages and forwards reading ‘Goto ESDA, wear blck’

Aerobic Cellular Respiration in Isolated Mitochondria of Lima Bean Lab Report

Aerobic Cellular Respiration in Isolated Mitochondria of Lima Bean Seeds - Lab Report Example During aerobic respiration, oxygen in the air is used as the final electron receptor which subsequently gets reduced to water. Energy is generated during this process in the form of a high energy molecule, adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This is a complex process involving a series of reactions that use many chemicals and enzymes. Glucose is the most preferred source for cellular respiration and as reported by Rich (2003), it release high energy (29-30 ATP molecules per glucose molecule) during aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration consists of 3 major steps as glycolysis, Krebs cycle (Citric acid cycle) and electron transport chain. During glycolysis, pyruvate is produced by glucose which is converted to a 2C molecule, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA combines with the 4C oxaloacetate (last product of the previous Krebs cycle) to produce citrate which is a very high energy source. During the Krebs cycle, citrate is consumed in an 8-step process to release this energy (electrons). Here, the co enzymes FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) and NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) gets reduced to produce a small quantity of carbon dioxide and ATP. Therefore, hydrogen electrons coming from glucose will reduce FAD and NAD+ to FADH2 and NADH + H+ respectively. These electrons then enter the electron transport chain to get oxidized and produce ATP. ... This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme succinic dehydrogenase using FAD as co-enzyme. In this reaction, 2 hydrogen atoms are removed from succinate and transfer to FAD thereby reducing it to FADH2. DPIP (2, 6-dichloro-phenol-indophenol) blue dye can act as a hydrogen molecule acceptor instead of FAD during this reaction. When DPIP receive hydrogen from succinate, blue color get decolorized. Thus the DPIP color change from blue to colorless is an indication of the level of enzyme activity in the mitochondria which can be measured and recorded with a spectrophotometer. The Krebs cycle is influenced by competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors. Competitive inhibitors compete with the substrate to bind to the active site of the enzyme and this can be overcome by providing more quantity of substrate molecules. Conversely, noncompetitive inhibitors such as metal ions (copper, Cu2+ and mercury, Hg2+) will deactivate the enzyme thereby making it impossible to return back to the reaction. T herefore, the reaction cannot be reactivated by incorporation of more substrate. In the succinate-to-fumarate reaction of the Krebs cycle, Malonate act as a competitive inhibitor on succinate molecule. Molecule shape of malonate is similar to succinate molecule and thus it obstructs the conversion reaction of succinate to fumarate by binding to active site of the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase. However, as described in Zeevalk, Derr-Yellin and Nicklas (1995) it will not react further and result in the termination of the reaction. Therefore FAD will not reduce to FADH2 and fumarate will not be produced, thus arresting the Krebs cycle. As malonate is a competitive inhibitor, the reaction can be

Discuss how various aspects of physical appearance may influence Essay

Discuss how various aspects of physical appearance may influence career success in graduate jobs.Illustrate your answer with suitable evidence - Essay Example Human Resource Managers are likely to recruit people who trigger productivity in a company. Since beauty lead to such accomplishment, it is presumed that physical appeal gives a competitive edge to an industry. Physical attraction affects female employees more than it does their male counterparts. Women are concerned about their weight because they do not want to be less appealing. Men do not feel the same. Statistics show that women who wear makeup are more likely to be hired than those who do not. Debra Jaliman, a dermatologist confirms that women spend a lot of time and energy working on their skin so that they can have an added advantage during job interviews. This shows that women are aware that they get judged by their looks in their job search. They strive to maintain an attractive, youthful appearance because their credibility will be measured with their looks. Debra’s client claimed that she was fired, after working with her company for 17 years because she did not look as young as before (Madell, 2015). She was in her early 50s, more desperate to look for effective skin products that will conceal her wrinkles before she re-enters the job market. The emphases on beauty are too much that the surgical business is booming. People go as far as fixing small features on their faces so that they would achieve the ideal look. In the United States, movie characters are given roles according to their looks. The less attractive actors are given bad characters while the beautiful actors play the starring roles. The trend has been in place for over six decades. These are movies which have brought high returns. There is so much pressure on actors to maintain a stunning look that they cannot walk to the grocery shop without putting on makeup. It takes a single photograph from the paparazzi to destroy their image. It is common sense for actors to maintain their looks because their jobs depend on their appearance. The same applies to

Belief, Doubt and Synthesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Belief, Doubt and Synthesis - Essay Example A good writer knows how long to illustrate a scene. For instance, when reading a novel, a reader should be stabbed by suspense on every page as he waits for the characters and the story to unfold, but does not rush because he knows each sentence is a journey and he never wish to miss a single word. Moreover, this reader can answer all questions and have an opinion concerning each character. A good writer for example, can develop characters that a reader can really hate, such as Jane Austen. Good writings like novels one wants to read repeatedly, particularly the ones you read for the first time but go back to the first page as soon as you finish. When there is no rule of what someone speak or thinks, writing becomes perfect and easy. When an individual talks freely, he is likely to put his speech in writing, and this pushes him to practice regularly. Consequently, he becomes a better writer than he was before since he sharpens his skills, he becomes more confident, and enjoys writing . Sometimes, when we talk to others, their ideas leave more thoughts on the choice of a subject to be written about. Writing entails use of language to bring out the ideas. We read the responses of others and understand what they mean with language, and always, we â€Å"speak† to ourselves internally when processing these ideas and come up with logical conclusions. I believe that rational thinking inevitably involves definite degree of language use, meaning that thought is absolutely determined by language. According to Fisher 99, in writing our affirmations and what we think is right, and put all our attention on paper, we probably notice some form of internal resistance pop ping up. When u write what you tell yourself on deep levels, you encourage your react to what people think is right or wrong. With time, you read what is written and this helps you to create your present reality. It is necessary that we write our affirmations to find a solution and release it from your consciousness. This gives you freedom and power to feel literally wonderful instead of limiting yourself to other peop le’s myths and thoughts. Writing also helps us remember some things in cases where we have a lot going through our minds. Doubt Doubt is often created by the lack of any sort of complete reality, which could serve as an undeniable stating point on which knowledge could be developed. It is a status between believing and not believing in something, involving a motive, an action, or a decision made by an individual. By systematically doubting something, we know about ourselves and those around us. Today, I got a feedback that tested if I trust my senses. At about noon, my friend and I were shopping at a nearby local mall. We had not had breakfast and so we opted to look for a place to have lunch. Walking down the mall into one of the supermarket, I noticed at a distance a very pleasant display of some Japanese meals on sale. My mouth began watering instantly since I was quite hungry. We agreed on eating at the mall, though it was a bit crowded (McGrath 43). My friend suggested t hat the

The place of anonymity in theories of crowd behaviour Essay Example for Free

The place of anonymity in theories of crowd behaviour Essay Explain the place of anonymity in theories of crowd behaviour. Is it always associated with a ‘loss of self’ (Dixon and Mahendran, 2012, p. 13)? This essay will start by explaining the concept of anonymity and how it is used in theories of crowd behaviour namely the contagion, deindividuation theory and social identity theory. Later the essay will focus on critical discussion comparing the above theories in terms of how they perceive anonymity and the loss of self. It will highlight the similarities between Le Bon’s theory and the deidividuation theory but will also point out some of their differences. The essay will also offer the account of the social identity theory which does not see the crowd behaviour as associated with the loss of self and explains it differently in terms of social identity. The essay will also present evidence to support these claims. The crowd behaviour theories are concerned with how individuals experience being a part of a large group and how this in turn influences their feelings and behaviour. Crowd psychologists would argue that the experience of being a part of a large group necessarily means that a sense of anonymity is created. This anonymity then allows individuals in the crowd to feel somehow ‘safe’ in terms of what they are able to do or say without being directly responsible for it. However different theories view the concept of anonymity differently. Le Bon argued that the concept of anonymity in the crowd is not beneficial at all. In fact he viewed the crowds as dangerous because individuals lose their rationality which is substituted by a ‘group mind’ and as such crowds are a threat to social hierarchy (Dixon and Mahendran, 2012, p. 5). According to Le Bon the experience of being in the crowd involves anonymity thus the individuals are not responsible for their actions and feel a part of the collective therefore are more likely to get influenced by ideas that are sweeping through the crowd a concept Le Bon called the contagion. This anonymity then leads the individuals to behave in an aggressive and primitive way. The deindividuation theory outlook on anonymity is a bit different. Whilst deindividuation theory would agree with Le Bon on the fact  that crowd behaviour generates anonymity and leads individuals to believe that they are not personally accountable for their actions in the crowd, the idea of a ‘ group mind’ is dismissed. Instead Festinger, Pepitone and Newcomb argue that the sense of anonymity individuals experience in the crowds is a psychological shift in individual’s self perception which is clearly measurable (Dixon and Mahendran, 2012, p. 6.). From the perspective of the social identity theory crowd behaviour is not necessarily connected with anonymity and the loss of self. According to Tajfel and Turner the loss of self in the crowd behaviour is replaced by the social identity which is constrained by shared social norms amongst the group. Tajfel argues that we posses not just one individual identity but also a social one in terms that we belong to various social groups and share and accept their norms and values. In this light the social identity theory would argue that individuals do not lose their sense of self in the crowd rather they are more constrained by the shared group norms and as such cannot feel anonymous. It could be argued that Le Bon’s concept of contagion and the deindividuation theory have some similarities. They both start with the assumption that the crowd behaviour involves anonymity which is associated with the loss of self to a certain degree. Both of these theories also agree on the fact that the crowd behaviour alters individual’s feelings and behaviour and makes them more impulsive and less accountable for their actions. However both of the theories use different concept to explain this behaviour. Whilst Le Bon explains the crowd behaviour with the concept of the ‘group mind’ which takes over a rational individual’s mind and leads them to be aggressive and primitive (Dixon and Mahendran, 2012, p. 5), Festinger et al. use the concept of deindividuation to explain the psychological shift in individual’s mind whilst being part of the crowd. Another similarity between the concept of contagion and deindividuation is their perception of crowds being somewhat negative in their nature. Le Bon argues that crowds are dangerous in terms of their primitiveness and possible uncontrolled aggression. These features of crowd behaviour according to Le Bon pose a threat to the social hierarchy and as such should  be controlled and prevented (Dixon and Mahendran, 2012, p. 5). Similarly the deindividuation theories would suggest that the effects of crowd behaviour on the individual are negative in a sense that they lead to increased aggression. Zimbardo focused on the links between anonymity and aggression in his experiment with administering the electric shocks and the findings suggested that anonymity had indeed intensified the aggression. Zimbardo explained this phenomenon as a ‘diffusion of responsibility’ and saw it as a by-product of deindividuation. According to Zimbardo being part of crowd (or a social group) makes individuals feel like they are protected by the anonymity surrounding them and therefore they do not feel a moral responsibility for their actions which leads them to being more violent and aggressive. In the light of the evidence presented by Zimbardo it could be argued that anonymity is indeed associated with the loss of self. On the other hand there are differences to be found between these theories and their outlook on the loss of self. Whilst Le Bon and his concept of contagion and to some degree deindividuation theories would argue that crowds are not beneficial, the social identity theory would present evidence to argue otherwise. As Tajfel and Turner argue crowd behaviour is not necessarily associated with the loss of self rather there is a shift from the individual’s sense of self to the collective one. Social identity theorists do not see this feature of crowd behaviour as negative but rather they explain crowd behaviour in terms of its uniformity and spontaneity. According to the social identity theorists the fact that people belong to a certain social group creates constraints and forces the individuals to behave in a way that is acceptable and shared within the members of the group. As such the social groups act in a way which is more uniformed and predictable than the individuals themselves. Furthermore the social identity theorists would point out that thanks to the concept of ‘inductive categorization’ the crowds behaviour can be seen as socially coordinated. This concept can be explained using an example of football fans behaviour during the football match where there is no leader who orders the fans to sing and cheer at the same time. Rather if one of the fans starts singing or chanting the others join in because of the ‘inductive categorization’ within this particular social group. The evidence to challenge the claim that anonymity in crowd behaviour is always associated with a loss of self can be found in a research conducted by Reicher on the St. Pauls riots. Reicher argued that the riots were no random acts of violence as Le Bon or deindividuation theory would suggest, rather the rioters directed their violence towards specific targets and kept them geographically confined to the relevant area. This suggests that the rioter’s behaviour was uniformed and predictable and therefore fits in the explanation of the social identity theory. Further evidence can be found in the research of Reicher and Stott on the London riots in 2011. From the perspective of the deidividuation and Le Bon’s theory the riots were explained as a prime example of a ‘group mind’ taking over any rationality and resulting in violence and aggression. According to these theories the individuals lost their identity in the crowd hence their responsibility and behaved like primitive animals. However different perspective is offered by the social identity theorists. Reicher and Stott argued that the rioters did not lose their identities in the riots but rather they switched to the social identity which resulted in a collective action. The rioters were not random criminals but were members of the social community with a shared ideas and goals. The actions of the rioters were not random but they were directed at the symbols of authority suggesting collective and uniformed action which was designed to fight inequality. The social identity theorists would therefore argue that there is no such concept as a loss of self in the cr owd behaviour rather there is a shift to a social identity which is distinguished by its collectiveness and uniformity. In summary then it could be argued that from the perspective of the deindividuation theory and Le Bon’s theory, anonymity in crowd behaviour is associated with the loss of self. Le Bon and his concept of contagion argue that individuals in crowd lose their ability to think rationally and are consumed by the ‘group mind’. Deindividuation theories argue for the psychological shift in individual’s mind which is caused by crowd’s anonymity and leads to irrationality and aggression. Zimbardo’s experiment on the diffusion of responsibility certainly suggests this. On the other hand the social identity theory and its explanation of the crowd behaviour  argue strongly against the concept of the loss of the self. This perspective suggests that social groups are far more constrained by its shared social norms to be irrational. Social identity theorists view the crowd behaviour as a positive force in the social change.